Study Effect of Thyroid Gland Dysfunction on Blood Tissue Parameters Among Anemic Patients

Abstract

Cellular metabolism, bone marrow erythropoiesis, and kidney erythropoietin production are all substantially disrupted by thyroid failure, which results in specific hematological changes. In order to shed light on endocrine-hematological interactions, this study assessed the relationship between thyroid hormone levels (T3, T4, and TSH) and several erythrocyte indices. Methods: Ninety thyroid-disorder patients and ninety age- and gender-matched healthy controls made up the 180 adult participants in a case-control study. Automated devices were used to evaluate serum hormone concentrations and complete blood counts. Using t-tests, Chi-square tests, and Pearson correlations (P <= 0.05), statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 28.0. Results: In comparison to controls, patients showed significantly higher RDW (19.4 ± 1.5% vs. 11.0 ± 1.2%) and significantly lower hemoglobin (10.8 ± 1.4 vs. 19.4 ± 1.1 g/dL), hematocrit (33.8 ± 4.0% vs. 44.1 ± 3.1%), MCV (82.9 ± 6.4 vs. 5.5 fL), and MCH (20.1 ± 2.2 vs. 29.8 ± 2.0 pg). While TSH showed a strong negative correlation with Hb, RBC, and HCT, serum T3 and T4 showed favorable correlations with these parameters. In contrast to hyperthyroidism (n = 35; P = 0.202), hypothyroidism (n = 55) was substantially linked to severe anemia (53%; P = 0.0213). Hypothyroid individuals had significantly lower MCH (14.2 ± 2.6 vs. 23.1 ± 3.7 pg; P = 0.0488) and greater RDW (23.4 ± 1.4% vs. 12.8 ± 2.0%; P = 0.0471), but inter-disorder analysis revealed no significant differences in Hb or HCT (P > 0.05). In conclusion, primary hypothyroidism functions as a severe aggregator marked by microcytic hypochromic sluggishness and prominent anisocytosis, yet both thyroid states cause anemia through different paths. For customized patient care, the use of comprehensive indices like MCH and RDW offers strong clinical discrimination.