Scientific Journal for Publishing in Health Research and Technology
The Scientific Journal for Publishing in Health Research and Technology (SJPHRT) (ISSN: 3105-949X) is an open-access, peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Academic University in Libya. Dedicated to advancing scientific knowledge, SJPHRT serves as a vital platform for researchers and scholars in the fields of health and technology sciences. The journal publishes four issues annually, providing timely access to cutting-edge research. Our Vision To be a leading scientific publication that promotes innovation and excellence in health and technology research in Libya and the broader region. Our Mission To publish high-quality, peer-reviewed research that contributes significantly to the body of knowledge in health and technology, while supporting the academic community through a transparent and efficient publication process. Our Objectives Disseminate knowledge: Publish original and impactful research. Encourage collaboration: Foster a global academic community. Ensure quality: Maintain rigorous peer-review standards.
Moringa oleifera Seed Extract Alleviates Silver Nanoparticle Hepatorenal Toxicity by Attenuating Oxidative Stress in Mice
Background: The widespread application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in consumer products raises concerns about their potential organ toxicity, primarily mediated through oxidative stress. Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant renowned for its potent antioxidant properties. This study investigated the protective role of Moringa oleifera seed extract (MSE) against AgNP-induced hepatorenal damage in mice. Methods: Twenty-eight male albino mice were randomly divided into four groups (n=7): Control group received saline; MSE group received MSE (500 mg/kg/day, orally); AgNPs group received AgNPs (50 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally); and AgNPs + MSE group received both MSE and AgNPs concurrently for 14 days. Biochemical markers of liver function (ALT, AST, ALP) and kidney function (creatinine, urea), as well as oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH, SOD) in liver and kidney tissues, were assessed. Histopathological examinations of both organs were also performed. Results: AgNP administration induced significant hepatorenal toxicity, evidenced by elevated serum ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine, and urea levels, a marked increase in tissue MDA, and a decrease in GSH and SOD activities. Histopathological analysis revealed severe hepatic necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and renal tubular degeneration. Co-treatment with MSE significantly ameliorated these changes, normalizing the biochemical parameters, restoring antioxidant enzyme activities, and markedly improving the tissue architecture. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that Moringa oleifera seed extract effectively mitigates AgNP-induced hepatorenal toxicity, primarily through its potent antioxidant activity. MSE represents a promising natural agent for protection against nanomaterial-induced organ damage.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Novel Analytical Formulation for Deriving Net Force Directly from Instantaneous Displacement Equations
Observations in classical mechanics education reveal that students frequently face challenges when deducing the net force Fnet from the instantaneous displacement equation (r (t)). The conventional approach, rooted in Newton's Second Law (F net= ma ), necessitates a series of sequential differentiations which can be prone to error. To streamline these derivations and provide a more direct analytical tool for dynamic analysis, this paper introduces a derived formula that allows for the straightforward determination of net force directly from displacement. This work facilitates a more efficient connection between kinematic descriptions and their underlying dynamic causes, offering both pedagogical benefits and analytical precision.
Effect of Preoperative Intravenous Fluid Therapy on Maternal Blood Pressure Stability During Spinal Anesthesia for Caesarean Section
Cesarean section (CS) is the most frequently performed major surgical procedure worldwide, with rates steadily increasing and stabilizing between 18% and 22% as observed in this study at Zliten Medical Center from 2020 to 2025. Spinal anesthesia remains the preferred technique for these deliveries due to its safety and high success rate, yet it is frequently complicated by maternal hypotension. This cross-sectional study investigated the effect of preoperative intravenous fluid therapy on maternal blood pressure stability among 102 pregnant women undergoing CS under spinal anesthesia in Libya. The participants, primarily aged 30 to 40 years, were monitored for hemodynamic changes and clinical symptoms. Results indicated that while Normal Saline (NS) was the most common fluid used (67.8%), it only provided mid-term stabilization and could not completely prevent an early decline in systolic blood pressure, which dropped to 104 mmHg at 30 minutes post-induction. In contrast, Ringer’s Lactate and Gelofusine showed relatively better recovery speeds. Nausea and vomiting were the most prevalent clinical signs of hypotension, affecting 33.3% of patients, followed by sleepiness and headache. Statistical regression analysis confirmed a significant relationship between both the type and quantity of preoperative fluids and blood pressure stability (p < 0.001). The study concludes that although preoperative fluid loading is fundamental in reducing the severity of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension, it is insufficient as a standalone preventive measure. Consequently, the research recommends adopting standardized fluid protocols individualized to patient characteristics and combining them with vasopressors to optimize maternal and neonatal safety.
The Impact of Adopting Agile Methodology on the Performance of Large-Scale Construction Projects
This research investigates the effectiveness of adopting Agile methodology in enhancing the performance of large-scale construction projects, traditionally characterized by rigidity and reliance on the Waterfall model. While the construction industry represents 13% of the global GDP, it suffers from chronic structural challenges related to low productivity and operational inefficiency. These issues are compounded in megaprojects exceeding 1 billion, which operate in high-risk environments with unprecedented engineering and social complexity. Through a mixed-methods research design, including a systematic literature review and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analyzing data from 250 international experts, the study explores how Agile practices can mitigate these challenges. The findings reveal a statistically significant positive correlation between Agile adoption and key performance indicators (KPIs). Specifically, collaborative planning in a Sprint environment improved schedule accuracy by 22%, while the integration of Digital Kanban and Building Information Modeling (BIM) reduced Request for Information (RFI) cycles by 25% and prevented up to 40% of field errors. The paper identifies the "Flexibility-Rigidity Paradox," arguing that construction requires a "Hybrid Agile-Waterfall Framework". This model maintains the Waterfall approach for strategic governance and contracts to ensure financial security, while utilizing Scrum and Kanban for operational daily tasks to enhance execution flexibility. Finally, the study addresses contractual barriers, suggesting an "Agile Addendum" to traditional FIDIC contracts to provide legal coverage for iterative design and incremental approvals.
Digital Image Compression Based on Singular Value Decomposition Algorithm
Image compression represents a fundamental application of data compression techniques within the field of digital image processing. As digital images contain vast amounts of information, there is a critical need for efficien t methods to store and transmit large data volumes. This research explores the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) algorithm as a robust mathematical framework for achieving image compression by leveraging low-rank matrix approximations. The primary objective is to implement the SVD algorithm and evaluate its performance based on specific metrics, namely Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Mean Square Error (MSE). The study provides a detailed investigation into the trade-off between the compression ratio and the resulting image quality. Methodologically, the SVD process factorizes an image matrix A into three distinct components: U, S, and VT. By retaining only, the first r singular values—which contain the maximum signal energy—the algorithm can effectively reconstruct an approximation of the original image using significantly less storage space. Experimental simulations were conducted using MATLAB on various test images, including grayscale (such as Lena and Baboon) and full-color RGB images. Results demonstrate that image clarity improves as more singular values are reintroduced. For a 256 * 256 grayscale image, a close resemblance to the original was achieved using only 90 singular values, yielding a PSNR of 37.42 dB. In color images, the process involves decomposing the red, green, and blue saturation matrices separately before recombination. The findings confirm that while higher rank values increase image fidelity, they simultaneously reduce the compression ratio. Ultimately, SVD is shown to be a stable and effective numerical method for splitting data into signal and noise subspaces, providing a practical solution for modern digital communication requirements.
Factors Contributing to Malnutrition Among Children Under Five Years Old: A Review
Malnutrition represents a profound imbalance between essential nutrient intake and the body's physiological needs, serving as a critical public health crisis among children under five years old. This condition is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing nations, particularly within Africa and Asia. The primary objective of this review is to examine and synthesize key factors contributing to malnutrition in early childhood by analyzing evidence from published literature. Methodologically, a comprehensive search was conducted across databases like PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on determinants in children under five. The findings demonstrate that malnutrition is a multi-factorial phenomenon driven by immediate causes such as inadequate dietary intake and infectious diseases. Furthermore, underlying and basic causes including socioeconomic constraints, poverty, and inadequate maternal education significantly exacerbate nutritional outcomes. Environmental conditions, specifically limited access to clean water and poor sanitation, further increase vulnerability to diseases like diarrhea, which directly impairs nutritional status. The review concludes that addressing these interrelated factors—ranging from food security to maternal care practices—is essential for developing sustainable interventions. Strengthening healthcare systems and improving educational resources for mothers are vital steps toward reducing the global burden of child malnutrition.
An Investigation of Designing a Web-Based Real Estate Services Management System
This study aims to design a real estate services management system that replaces traditional methods and keeps up with modern technological advances. It also seeks to save time and effort, quickly and easily meet beneficiaries' needs, and access information about various real estate properties. The research involved a mix of literature review, surveys, interviews, and prototype development. The literature review provided insights into existing property management systems and industry best practices. Surveys and interviews collected user requirements, preferences, and pain points. A web-based system prototype was developed and tested to verify its usability and functionality. Additionally, this study used an applied analytical approach, employing Unified Modeling Language (UML) to analyze traditional real estate marketing. To build the new website, programming languages like PHP, HTML, CSS, and JavaScript were used through Visual Studio Code. The agile methodology was chosen to complete the project. For designing interfaces and programming the system, Google Maps served as a map server and reference, linked to a MySQL database. The result is a real estate services website that offers solutions for industry professionals and provides customers with services such as buying, selling, and renting buildings or land. The site uses GPS technology to display properties on a map, making it easier for customers to access the website directly. In conclusion, this study found that a web-based real estate system is a comprehensive software solution designed to streamline and automate various property management tasks. It features a user-friendly interface, efficient data management, and better communication between property owners, tenants, and managers. Overall, the study demonstrates that the developed real estate management system effectively addresses the need for an efficient and user-friendly platform by automating core processes and providing customized features for both buyers and sellers.
Web-Based Real Estate Management System Property Management
Spatial Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils Around Industrial Hubs in Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh, India
The industrial expansion in the Naini and Jhunsi regions of Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, has raised significant concerns regarding heavy metal accumulation in agricultural soils, impacting crop safety and human health. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the occurrence, spatial distribution, and ecological consequences of metals such as Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, and Cu in the local environment. Ten representative sampling sites (N1-N5 in Naini and J1-J5 in Jhunsi) were analyzed to assess physico-chemical properties and metal concentrations at a depth of 0-20 cm. Findings reveal that Naini soils exhibit higher levels of contamination compared to Jhunsi, particularly near industrial effluent channels and fields irrigated with wastewater from the Mawaiya drain. The soil pH across all sites ranged from 7.5 to 8.1, indicating slightly alkaline conditions that influence metal mobility. High values of the Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Enrichment Factor (EF) indicate moderate to high contamination in specific hotspots. Key sources of these pollutants include steel and metal fabrication industries, untreated sewage, and municipal waste dumping. The study concludes that immediate intervention is required, including systematic surveillance, wastewater treatment, and the adoption of remediation strategies like phytoremediation to safeguard food safety and agricultural livelihoods in the region.
Comparative Study of Ascorbic Acid Content in Fresh and Packaged Fruit Juices Using Iodometric Titration
This research was conducted to estimate and compare the concentration of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) in a variety of natural and processed fruit juices using the iodine titration method. A total of 14 samples were analyzed, categorized into two groups: seven types of fresh natural fruits (mango, strawberry, guava, pineapple, banana, orange, and lemon) and their corresponding seven types of commercially packaged or canned juices. The chemical principle employed is a classic redox reaction where ascorbic acid acts as a reducing agent that reacts quantitatively with iodine. During the titration, ascorbic acid is oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid, while iodine is reduced to iodide ions, with a starch indicator signaling the endpoint by forming a blue-black complex. The experimental results revealed significant variations in vitamin C content across the different juice types. Among the natural juices, orange juice recorded the highest concentration at 69.7 mg/100 ml, followed by guava at 58.3 mg/100 ml, while banana exhibited the lowest value at 6.33 mg/100 ml. In the processed juice category, orange juice again topped the list with 59.17 mg/100 ml, whereas mango juice showed the lowest concentration at 3.4 mg/100 ml. The study confirmed an inverse relationship between the canning process and vitamin C concentration, as a notable loss was observed in all processed samples compared to their natural counterparts. Strawberries and mangoes were the most affected, with loss percentages exceeding 50%, likely due to thermal pasteurization and oxidation during storage. Conversely, lemon and pineapple juices demonstrated higher chemical stability, attributed to their low pH levels. The findings underscore the importance of consuming fresh juices, particularly citrus and guava, to meet daily nutritional requirements, and highlight the precision of industrial quality control compared to natural biological variability.
Comparative Evaluation of Machine Learning Models for Chronic Kidney Disease Diagnosis in Resource-Limited Healthcare Settings Using Clinically Relevant Low-Cost Biomarkers
This research addresses the critical gap between advanced diagnostic technologies and the operational constraints of healthcare systems in resource-limited settings. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) represents a growing global health burden, yet early detection remains a challenge in underserved regions due to the high cost of specialized diagnostic tools. This study presents a comparative evaluation of five prominent machine learning algorithms—Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Decision Trees—to develop a high-precision diagnostic framework. Unlike conventional models that rely on expensive parameters, this study prioritizes 12 low-cost, clinically relevant biomarkers, such as serum creatinine, albumin levels, and hemoglobin, which are routinely available in basic clinical laboratories. A key innovation of this research is the implementation of a "Missing Indicator" preprocessing strategy, which transforms incomplete clinical data into robust diagnostic features, ensuring the model remains functional in real-world environments where data gaps are common. The experimental results demonstrate that the Random Forest model achieved superior predictive performance, with an accuracy exceeding 99%, outperforming both traditional classifiers and more complex architectures in terms of sensitivity and computational efficiency. The study concludes that integrating machine learning with routine, low-cost biomarkers can significantly democratize early CKD diagnosis, providing a scalable and cost-effective solution for improving patient outcomes in developing healthcare infrastructures. This framework offers a practical pathway for implementing explainable AI tools that align with the economic realities of global health challenges. This research addresses the critical gap between advanced diagnostic technologies and the operational constraints of healthcare systems in resource-limited settings. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) represents a growing global health burden, yet early detection remains a challenge in underserved regions due to the high cost of specialized diagnostic tools. This study presents a comparative evaluation of five prominent machine learning algorithms—Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Decision Trees—to develop a high-precision diagnostic framework. Unlike conventional models that rely on expensive parameters, this study prioritizes 12 low-cost, clinically relevant biomarkers, such as serum creatinine, albumin levels, and hemoglobin, which are routinely available in basic clinical laboratories. A key innovation of this research is the implementation of a "Missing Indicator" preprocessing strategy, which transforms incomplete clinical data into robust diagnostic features, ensuring the model remains functional in real-world environments where data gaps are common. The experimental results demonstrate that the Random Forest model achieved superior predictive performance, with an accuracy exceeding 99%, outperforming both traditional classifiers and more complex architectures in terms of sensitivity and computational efficiency. The study concludes that integrating machine learning with routine, low-cost biomarkers can significantly democratize early CKD diagnosis, providing a scalable and cost-effective solution for improving patient outcomes in developing healthcare infrastructures. This framework offers a practical pathway for implementing explainable AI tools that align with the economic realities of global health challenges.
Microbiological Study of Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns in Clinical Bacterial Isolates in Ajdabiya City
The current microbiological study explores antibiotic resistance patterns in clinical bacterial isolates in Ajdabiya, Libya, where bacterial infections remain a leading cause of death with mortality rates reaching 30%. The study aimed to identify the most prevalent bacterial species and measure their sensitivity to a variety of common antibiotics. Diverse clinical samples, including swabs, urine, and body fluids, were collected from the laboratories of the Higher Institute of Medical Sciences and Technology. Results revealed microbial diversity including Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., and the Enterobacteriaceae family, in addition to Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus. Susceptibility testing showed alarming resistance rates toward several classes of antibiotics, particularly in isolates associated with community-acquired infections. The study also demonstrated that therapeutic efficacy is concentrated in actively growing bacteria, while latent forms pose a significant medical challenge. The paper concludes that the spread of resistance genes and genetic transfer mechanisms among strains necessitates strict surveillance strategies and the development of targeted therapeutic protocols to limit the depletion of available treatment options. The study recommends the need to enhance awareness regarding the rational use of antibiotics and conduct in-depth genetic research to understand the composition of resistance genes in the local environment.
Evaluation of Lipase Production Efficiency by Fungi Isolated from Mint Roots (Mentha) Using Various Oily Carbon Sources
This study aimed to evaluate the ability of several fungal species isolated from the roots of the mint plant (Mentha) to produce the extracellular enzyme lipase using different vegetable oils as carbon sources. The fungal genera identified through morphological and microscopic examination included Penicillium sp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Alternaria alternata. The experiments were conducted on solid media supplemented with coconut oil, olive oil, and corn oil to detect enzymatic activity through the formation of a transparent halo around the colonies. Results indicated significant variations in the efficiency of the isolates depending on the carbon source and incubation period. Aspergillus spp. demonstrated the highest enzymatic efficiency of 70% in olive oil on the fourth day of incubation. This was followed by Penicillium sp., which reached an efficiency of 66% on the seventh day when grown in coconut oil. Aspergillus niger showed its peak activity of 39% in olive oil by the seventh day, while Aspergillus flavus produced 21% activity in coconut oil on the third day. Fusarium oxysporum recorded a lower activity of 14% in olive oil on the seventh day, and Alternaria alternata failed to exhibit any lipase production or halo formation across all tested oils. The findings suggest that vegetable oils, particularly olive and coconut oils, serve as effective substrates for inducing fungal lipase production, offering a biological alternative for industrial enzyme applications.
Assessment of Water Quality Used in Selected Bakeries in Sabha Municipality: An Analytical Study for Food Quality Assurance
This study was conducted in 2025 in the city of Sabha, Libya, targeting five bakeries selected randomly from the city center, as this geographical area represents the highest population density. The primary objective was to assess the quality of water utilized in bread production by analyzing samples collected from the water sources used in these bakeries. A total of five samples were collected, with three replicates per sample. These samples underwent a series of chemical and microbiological analyses. Upon arrival at the laboratory, microbiological quality tests were performed; the total plate count (TPC) results indicated bacterial growth ranging from 0 to 100 CFU/ml. These values fall within the permissible limits set by the Libyan Standards and the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Additionally, all samples were found to be free of coliform bacteria. Regarding the chemical analysis, parameters measured included alkalinity, total hardness (TH), chloride ions, nitrates, and pH levels, in addition to Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, sodium, and potassium. The results showed that pH values ranged between 6.5 and 7, with an average of 6.75, which is within the allowable limits of the Libyan Standards and WHO. However, the measured TDS values ranged from 27 to 3307 mg/L, with an average of 1667 mg/L. These concentrations are considered high compared to the Libyan and WHO standards; only sample No. 1 was found to be compliant. Such high salinity levels negatively impact the texture and flavor of the produced bread. Furthermore, measured alkalinity values ranged from 8 to 149 mg/L (average 98 mg/L), while chloride levels ranged from 15.5 to 887.7 mg/L. The concentrations for nitrates, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, copper, sodium, and potassium ranged between (10–182), (3–100), (20–769.3), (2–220), (4–53), (0–0.00565), (4–170), and (2–91) mg/L, respectively. Finally, all samples tested negative for the presence of zinc.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Employing Statistical Control Charts to Enhance the Quality of Bread Loaf Weight: An Applied Study on Bakeries in Zliten City
The quality and weight of a bread loaf are essential factors in ensuring consumer satisfaction and institutional reliability. This study aimed to evaluate the quality and weight of a bread loaf in Zliten city using statistical monitoring maps to ensure process stability and adherence to specifications. The research methodology relied on the descriptive-analytical approach, where random samples of loaf weights were collected from 40 bakeries across different geographical areas of Zliten during the year 2024 AD. The statistical program MINITAB was employed to construct and analyze statistical control maps for the arithmetic mean (X-chart) and the range (R-chart) to monitor the production process. Initial results indicated the presence of several points outside the control limits in both the mean and range maps, suggesting that the manufacturing process was initially not statistically controlled due to unfamiliar sources of variation. To achieve a state of statistical stability, the points outside the control limits were identified and deleted, and the maps were redrawn until stabilization was reached. After adjustment, the arithmetic average map settled with an upper control limit (UCL) of 115.72 and a lower control limit (LCL) of 96.39. Meanwhile, the range map settled at an upper limit of 40.08 and a lower limit of 0. The study concluded that control maps are accurate tools for monitoring the bread-making process and determining conformity to standards. It recommended that responsible authorities continuously update these maps, train specialized technical staff, and periodically calibrate the machinery used in the manufacturing process to maintain high-quality production.
A study evaluating the efficiency of the desalination plant at the Libyan Iron and Steel Company, Misurata, in salt rejection
This study assessed the efficiency of the Desalination Plant at the Libyan Iron and Steel Company (LISCO) in Misrata in salt rejection. This was carried out by collecting samples of the feed and product water from the plant every three days for a full month, after which they were transported to the Agricultural Research Laboratory in the Ghiran area of Misrata city. Tests were conducted on all samples under study, and the average monthly measurements of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), and pH for both feed and product water were calculated. The average measurements for Electrical Conductivity (EC) were found to be within the permissible limits of Libyan specifications, with the plant's efficiency for these measurements reaching 63.47%. The plant's efficiency for pH measurements was 23.34%, which is lower than the minimum limit allowed by Libyan specifications. Meanwhile, the plant's efficiency for Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) measurements reached an excellent 99.96%. Overall, the plant's efficiency has declined, especially regarding EC levels, compared to previous years, particularly those close to its inauguration.
Isolation of Rhizobia from Species of Legumes Plants and Utilizing them in Ploy-β-Hydroxybutyrate Production (PHB)
Thirty-eight rhizobia isolates were obtained from legume species included: Medicago sativa, M. littoralis, Vicia faba, Lupinus varius, Cicer arietinum, Arachis hypogaea, Vigna unguiculata and Pisum sativum. They were collected from different regions of Libya with arid and semi-arid climate. The All-Rhizobia isolates were able to form effective symbiosis with their hosts. Isolates grown on yeast extract and mannitol medium were primary screened for their ability to produce polyhydroxybutyrate on the basis of staining with Sudan black B. Different sources of carbon and nitrogen were added to the yeast extract and mannitol medium. The growth of isolates varied in using these media where the Yeast extract and mannitol supplemented with 2.5 g of Tryptone and Peptone was the best medium to support the growth of the isolates. Temperature and pH have not had a significant effect on the ability of isolates to produce polyhydroxybutyrate. The moderate and slow growing isolates, especially RVF1b, RC1b, RC3 and RVG5 were superior in the producing of the polyhydroxybutyrate under all conditions compared to the other isolates, while the isolate RP4 was the least productive. The producing polyhydroxybutyrate in this study have not shown any toxic effect on human blood, as no clotting has occurred after one hour of incubation.
Empirical Evaluation of Transforming Traditional Programming Laboratories into PaaS-Based Environments Using CloudBees
The rapid evolution of cloud computing has fundamentally transformed the provisioning and consumption of computational resources in higher education institutions. Traditional programming laboratories require continuous investment in hardware, licensed software, and technical maintenance, which often limits their scalability and long-term sustainability. This study presents a controlled empirical evaluation of transforming traditional programming laboratories into Platform as a Service (PaaS)-based environments using CloudBees. The evaluation focuses on two critical quality attributes: system responsiveness and cost efficiency. A cross-over experimental design was conducted with 40 undergraduate students enrolled in an Object-Oriented Programming course. System responsiveness was assessed using task completion time and the Application Performance Index (Apdex), while cost efficiency was evaluated through a structured per-student cost model. The results indicate that PaaS-based programming laboratories significantly improve responsiveness and achieve notable cost reductions, approximately 28% per student, when compared to traditional laboratory environments. These findings provide empirical evidence supporting the feasibility and effectiveness of adopting cloud-based, PaaS-oriented programming laboratories in higher education institutions.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Trichoderma longibrachiatum in the Biocontrol of Fusarium Wilt in Tomato Plants in the Bani Walid Region, Libya
This study aimed to isolate and identify Fusarium oxysporum, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt, from infected tomato plants in the Bani Walid region, Libya, and to evaluate the efficacy of Trichoderma longibrachiatum as a biocontrol agent against it. Laboratory dual-culture assays demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect of T. longibrachiatum on the radial growth of F. oxysporum. Under field conditions, the application of T. longibrachiatum significantly reduced the incidence of Fusarium wilt compared to the control, enhancing plant growth parameters. The results indicate that T. longibrachiatum is a promising biocontrol agent for the integrated management of Fusarium wilt in tomatoes.
Contamination of Baby Cereal Food With Aflatoxins: A Review Study
Aflatoxins (AFTs) are a group of mycotoxins produced by fungi, particularly in tropical regions. AFB1 is classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The growth of AFT-producing fungi depends on factors like water activity, temperature, and storage. Cereals, dried fruits, and cereal-based baby foods are commonly contaminated, posing significant health risks to infants and young children due to their physiology and diet. Special attention is needed to address this issue. Aim of study: To highlight the risks and concerns associated with aflatoxin contamination in food, particularly in cereal-based products and baby foods, and to emphasize the need for special attention to mitigate these risks and protect public health.
Aflatoxins, Mycotoxin, Aspergillus flavus, Cereal grains and Infant health
Evaluating the Efficacy of Virtual Laboratories in Biophysics Education: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Learning Outcomes and Implementation Challenges
The integration of virtual laboratories (VLABs) into biophysics education addresses critical resource constraints while introducing pedagogical trade-offs. This mixed-methods study evaluates 412 undergraduate biophysics students across three universities, comparing learning outcomes between virtual, physical, and blended laboratory formats. Quantitative analysis revealed VLAB cohorts demonstrated significantly higher conceptual understanding in molecular dynamics (Δ+1.32 SD, p=0.007) but scored lower in experimental troubleshooting (Cohen’s d = 1.24, p<0.001). Qualitative data from 37 instructor interviews identified persistent limitations in simulating stochastic single-molecule phenomena. Thematic analysis of student reflections highlighted accessibility benefits for diverse learners but reduced collaborative engagement. We propose an evidence-based blended framework optimizing cost-efficiency while preserving essential tactile experiences in biophysics education.
Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Swiss Chard (Beta vulgaris) and Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and its Relationship with Soil and Water Quality in Ghat City, Libya
The current study focused on estimating the accumulation of some heavy metals (Lead Pb, Cadmium Cd, and Chromium Cr) in Swiss Chard and Parsley and its relationship with the quality of groundwater and soil in three agricultural areas in Ghat city: Al-Fayut, Al-Barkat, and Ghat. This study aimed to determine the levels of heavy metal pollution in these farms and evaluate their compliance with international standards (WHO), in addition to analyzing the relationship between soil, water, fertilizers, and the accumulation of these elements in plants. The study was conducted by collecting plant, water, and soil samples from the three farms, which were then analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and an electrical conductivity meter. The results showed that Al-Fayut farm was the least polluted due to the use of pure groundwater and well-aerated sandy soil. Conversely, the Ghat farm showed the highest accumulation of heavy metals due to its proximity to waste and burning areas, while Al-Barkat farm showed intermediate levels. The study recommended the necessity of monitoring water and soil quality and avoiding the use of contaminated fertilizers to ensure the safety of agricultural products and protect public health.
The Effect of Compost Enriched with Cellulolytic Bacteria on Plant Residue Decomposition and Nutrient Release Rates in Sandy Soil
Sandy soils are characterized by low fertility, poor water retention, and rapid leaching of nutrients. Enhancing their quality through organic amendments like compost is a key sustainable strategy. This study investigated the efficacy of compost inoculated with a consortium of cellulolytic bacteria to accelerate the decomposition of plant residues and improve nutrient release dynamics in sandy soil. A 60-day incubation experiment was conducted with four treatments: (1) control sandy soil (S), (2) soil with wheat straw (S+WS), (3) soil with conventional compost (S+C), and (4) soil with bacterially-enriched compost (S+BC). Decomposition was monitored by measuring mass loss of the straw and CO2 respiration. Soil samples were analyzed weekly for available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). The results showed that the S+BC treatment exhibited the highest cumulative respiration (signifying microbial activity) and the fastest rate of straw decomposition (68% mass loss vs. 45% in S+WS and 55% in S+C). Consequently, the S+BC treatment consistently released higher levels of available N (NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺), P, and K throughout the incubation period compared to other treatments. Microbial biomass carbon was also significantly higher in the S+BC treatment, indicating a robust and active microbial community. This study concludes that enriching compost with cellulolytic bacteria significantly enhances its effectiveness in degrading organic matter and synchronizing nutrient mineralization with plant demand, making it a superior amendment for rapidly improving the fertility and health of sandy soils.
The Effectiveness of Cervical Traction Therapy Within a Proposed Physical Therapy Program for Improving Muscle Strength and Relieving Pain in Female Patients with Disc Herniation: An Experimental Study at Bani Walid Center
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a proposed physical therapy program that includes cervical traction for patients with cervical disc herniation. The experimental method was used on a sample of eight female patients at the Bani Walid Rehabilitation Center, divided into two groups: the first group received a comprehensive program including cervical traction, while the second group received the same program without traction. The study was conducted over the period from May 15, 2024, to June 30, 2024. Results showed that the first group achieved a higher improvement rate in muscle strength and range of motion, reaching 16.9%, compared to 13.7% for the second group. Additionally, clinical symptoms such as pain, numbness, and dizziness significantly decreased or disappeared in the group that utilized the traction device. The study concludes that incorporating cervical traction into physical therapy plans is highly effective in relieving pressure on spinal nerves and improving the functional capacity of patients.
Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Nigella sativa and Thymus vulgaris on Growth Performance, Hematological, and Biochemical Parameters of Broiler Chickens
This investigation was conducted during the 2024 season in Bani Walid, Libya, to evaluate the influence of Nigella sativa (black seed) and Thymus vulgaris (thyme) as natural feed additives on the growth performance, hematological profiles, and biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. A total of 240 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly distributed into five experimental groups, each consisting of four replicates with 12 birds per replicate. The dietary treatments included a basal control diet and four supplementation levels: Nigella sativa at 1.5%, 3%, and 4.5%, or thyme at 1%, 2%, and 3%. The study spanned a 42-day production cycle, during which performance metrics and blood samples were meticulously analyzed. Results revealed that birds supplemented with 3% Nigella sativa and 2% thyme exhibited significantly superior weight gain and improved body weight compared to other groups. Interestingly, the control group recorded the highest feed intake and the poorest feed conversion ratio (FCR), suggesting that the herbal additives enhanced nutrient utilization efficiency. Hematological analysis indicated that 4.5% Nigella sativa significantly elevated hemoglobin levels, packed cell volume (PCV), and red and white blood cell counts, reflecting an enhanced immune response and oxygen-carrying capacity. Furthermore, biochemical analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose levels in all treated groups compared to the control. In conclusion, incorporating moderate levels of Nigella sativa and thyme into broiler diets serves as an effective strategy to boost productivity, optimize lipid profiles, and maintain overall physiological health in poultry production.
Hematological and biochemical parameters
Mitigation Strategies for Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) in High-Capacity DWDM Fiber Optic Systems: A Comparative Review and Analysis
Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) is a significant nonlinear optical phenomenon that can severely affect the performance of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) systems in fiber optic communications. FWM occurs when multiple optical signals with closely spaced wavelengths interact within the nonlinear medium of the optical fiber, generating unwanted mixing products that can interfere with the original signals. This interaction results in a deterioration of signal quality, limiting the system's overall capacity and increasing the bit error rate (BER). As the demand for higher bandwidth and system capacity increases, mitigating FWM becomes crucial for ensuring optimal performance in modern high-capacity communication systems. This paper explores various techniques to suppress FWM in DWDM systems, focusing on strategies that aim to minimize the generation of mixing products and enhance signal integrity. The study investigates techniques such as increasing channel spacing, which reduces signal interaction, and the use of dispersion-shifted fibers (DSF) and non-zero dispersion-shifted fibers (NZDSF), which mitigate nonlinear effects. Power management, including optical power reduction, is analyzed for its potential in controlling the magnitude of FWM, while polarization management techniques and phase modulation schemes, such as Phase Shift Keying (PSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), are evaluated to minimize interference and reduce coherence between signals. Simulation results show improvements in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), Q-factor, and overall transmission efficiency when applying these techniques. The findings suggest that a combination of these methods can effectively suppress FWM and optimize the performance of DWDM systems, supporting the growing demand for high-speed data transmission. This paper provides a comprehensive review of current strategies and offers insights into potential areas for future research to improve fiber optic communication systems.
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
Chemical Safety of Dairy Products: A Review Study on the Dynamics of Lead and Cadmium Accumulation
This review study addresses the chemical safety of milk and dairy products, focusing on the dynamics of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) accumulation. The research explores the complex pathways of these heavy metals, starting from environmental sources like contaminated soil, water, and phosphate fertilizers, through bioaccumulation in livestock, and ending with their secretion into milk. A critical focus is placed on the "manufacturing intensification" effect, where technological processes such as evaporation and curdling significantly concentrate these toxins in products like cheese. The study also evaluates the severe health risks, particularly neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, posed to sensitive groups like children. By synthesizing global data and international standards (Codex, EU), the paper provides strategic recommendations for monitoring environmental inputs and implementing advanced filtration technologies to ensure dairy safety.
The Reality and Level of School Health Care Services in Primary and Secondary Education Schools: An Evaluative Study in Sabratha, Sorman, and Zawiya Regions
This study aimed to evaluate the status and level of school health care services in primary and secondary education schools across three main regions in Libya: Sabratha, Sorman, and Zawiya. The primary goal was to determine the quality of infrastructure and the efficiency of the services provided. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach, applying a questionnaire to a random sample representing the health and administrative staff in the schools. The results showed a noticeable deficiency in the infrastructure level of school health units, particularly concerning basic medical equipment and tools. Furthermore, the study revealed variations in the efficiency of health services provided among the three regions, with some areas recording lower levels of qualified staff availability and health awareness programs. The study recommended increasing budget allocations for developing and equipping school health units, intensifying training courses for health personnel, and unifying school health service standards nationally.
The Effect of Heparin On blood Components in Hemodialysis Patients in Dialysis Center in Tarhouna City, Libya
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of unfractionated heparin (UFH) administration during hemodialysis on hematological parameters in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A total of 50 patients undergoing regular hemodialysis in Tarhouna City, Libya, were included and divided based on the dialysis machine used (Nipro vs. Fresenius). Blood samples were collected immediately before and after dialysis sessions to measure changes in complete blood count (CBC) values, specifically red blood cell (RBC) indices, white blood cells (WBC), and platelets (PLT). The results demonstrated statistically significant reductions in RBC count, hemoglobin (HGB), and hematocrit (HCT) levels after the dialysis session (p < 0.05), suggesting a potential contribution of heparin and mechanical factors to red cell loss. Conversely, no statistically significant changes were observed in WBC or PLT counts. Notably, bleeding complications were recorded exclusively in patients using the Fresenius machine (16% incidence) and were statistically linked to the use of high-flux filters (60High and 80High) (p=0.019). These findings underscore the importance of developing individualized heparin protocols and considering dialysis machine and filter characteristics to minimize hematological complications and enhance patient safety.
The Role of Professional Learning Communities in Developing Instructional Competencies for In-Service Mathematics Teachers: A Proposed Framework
This research explores the role of Professional Learning Communities (PLCs) as a pioneering approach to enhancing in-service training programs for mathematics teachers, amidst the unprecedented cognitive and technological revolution of the twenty-first century. The study originates from a fundamental problem: the failure of traditional training programs to effect genuine and sustainable changes in instructional practices, due to their theoretical dominance, detachment from the real-school context, and disregard for individual differences among teachers. The research presents an in-depth theoretical framework for PLCs, highlighting their philosophical foundations that redefine the school as a "learning organization" that transcends professional isolation toward systematic structural collaboration. The study focuses on four core principles: shared vision and values, collective inquiry into the "jurisprudence of practice," an absolute focus on student learning outcomes as evidence of performance, and participatory professional accountability. Furthermore, the research proposes a conceptual model for empowering mathematics teachers based on four operational pillars: the "Lesson Study" axis as a field practice tool, the data-driven leadership and diagnostic test analysis axis as a compass for training, the digital competencies and contextual mathematics axis to integrate technology and reality into teaching, and the organizational axis that ensures administrative and institutional support. The research concludes that transitioning toward this model is an imperative necessity to transform training from an "incidental event" into a "sustainable practice" that enhances teacher efficiency and improves student motivation and learning outcomes in mathematics. The study recommends institutionalizing PLCs as an official policy and encouraging teachers to engage in data-driven action research teams.
Professional Learning Communities (PLCs)
A Study on b (i,j) I-Open Set within Ideal Biopological Spaces
This paper introduces the concepts of <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSubSup><m:sSubSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubSupPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ƅ</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>i,j</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>*</m:r></m:sup></m:sSubSup><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ɪ</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 6.0pt; mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> -open sets and <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSubSup><m:sSubSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubSupPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ƅ</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>i,j</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>*</m:r></m:sup></m:sSubSup><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ɪ</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 6.0pt; mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> -closed sets in the framework of ideal ditopological spaces, presenting them as a new form of generalized open and closed sets. <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSubSup><m:sSubSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubSupPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ƅ</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>i,j</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>*</m:r></m:sup></m:sSubSup><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ɪ</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 6.0pt; mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> -open sets are defined as subsets satisfying specific generalized openness conditions with respect to two topologies and an ideal, while <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSubSup><m:sSubSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubSupPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ƅ</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>i,j</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>*</m:r></m:sup></m:sSubSup><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ɪ</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 6.0pt; mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> -closed sets are their complements. The study begins with a precise definition of these sets and explains how they extend previously developed ideas in generalized and bitopological structures. It examines their relationships with other known types of open and closed sets and highlights essential properties that characterize their behavior. Particular attention is given to how the interaction of the two topologies and the ideal shapes their structure and flexibility. The paper also introduces the related operators, <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSubSup><m:sSubSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubSupPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ƅ</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>i,j</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>*</m:r></m:sup></m:sSubSup><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ɪ</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 6.0pt; mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> -interior and <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSubSup><m:sSubSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubSupPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ƅ</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>i,j</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>*</m:r></m:sup></m:sSubSup><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>Ɪ</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 6.0pt; mso-text-raise: -6.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> -closure, and discusses their key properties. Overall, the study contributes to understanding openness and closedness in ideal bitopological spaces and provides a foundation for further research. ct