Scientific Journal for Publishing in Health Research and Technology
The Scientific Journal for Publishing in Health Research and Technology (SJPHRT) (ISSN: 3105-949X) is an open-access, peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Academic University in Libya. Dedicated to advancing scientific knowledge, SJPHRT serves as a vital platform for researchers and scholars in the fields of health and technology sciences. The journal publishes four issues annually, providing timely access to cutting-edge research. Our Vision To be a leading scientific publication that promotes innovation and excellence in health and technology research in Libya and the broader region. Our Mission To publish high-quality, peer-reviewed research that contributes significantly to the body of knowledge in health and technology, while supporting the academic community through a transparent and efficient publication process. Our Objectives Disseminate knowledge: Publish original and impactful research. Encourage collaboration: Foster a global academic community. Ensure quality: Maintain rigorous peer-review standards.
Three-Year Metabolic and Hormonal Outcomes Following Bariatric Surgery in Iraqi Patients: A Prospective Cohort Analysis Stratified by NAFLD Grade and Metabolic Syndrome
Background: Obesity-related metabolic disorders have become alarming in Iraq, but there is limited information on the long-term surgical outcomes in this population. Bariatric surgery especially Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is the most long-lasting therapeutic choice in the treatment of morbid obesity and metabolic sequalae's. Purpose: To compare and contrast 3-year clinical and hormonal outcomes in RYGB and SG in Iraqi patients with a special focus on the predictive value of serial metabolic biomarkers and the moderating impact of baseline non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) severity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) status. Methods: A two-hospital tertiary referral prospective cohort study was carried out in Wasit, Iraq, where 240 patients (RYGB: n=120; SG: n=120) were recruited between January 2020 and December 2023. The main outcomes were percent excess weight loss (percent EWL), remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus (HbA1c <6.5% with no medication) and improvement of NAFLD (cap score reduction of at least 30% with FibroScan). At baseline, 12 months and 36 months, serial measurements of leptin, adiponectin, total ghrelin, active GLP-1, HOMA-IR, and QUICKI were measured. Results: At 36 months, RYGB produced significantly greater %EWL (77.1% ± 12.8 vs. 68.3% ± 14.5; p=0.004), T2DM remission (81.2% vs. 67.5%; p=0.025), and NAFLD improvement (85.0% vs. 71.7%; p=0.015) compared with SG. RYGB also yielded more pronounced hormonal remodeling, including greater adiponectin elevation (+5.5 vs. +3.4 µg/mL; p=0.003), leptin reduction (-34.5 vs. -27.6 ng/mL; p=0.005), and active GLP-1 augmentation (+17.8 vs. +9.1 pmol/L; p<0.001). An adiponectin/HOMA-IR greater than 0.75 composite index was predictive of T2DM remission following RYGB with 90% accuracy (AUC=0.86). There were no significant differences in major complication rates in between groups (8.3 vs. 5.8; p=0.45). Conclusion: RYGB has better metabolic and hormonal effects compared to SG in three years of follow-up of patients in Iraq. The adiponectin/ HOMA-IR composite index is a pragmatic, resource-efficient preoperative method to surgery triage and prognosis.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Intestinal Malrotation in Children: Incidence, Predisposing Factors, and Surgical Management: A Single-Centre Observational Study from Al-Karama Teaching Hospital, Wasit, Iraq
Intestinal malrotation is caused by the lack of complete counterclockwise rotation of the embryonic midgut, leaving the mesenteric base of the bowel dangerously small and thus providing the circumstances of midgut volvulus a life-threatening emergency situation requiring urgent surgical intervention. The current study narrates a mixed observational experience of five years (January 2020 to December 2024) in Al-Karama Teaching Hospital, which is the only paediatric surgical referral centre in Wasit Governorate, Iraq. A total of 27 children under the age of 14 years having malrotation radiologically or operatively confirmed were enrolled. An incidence of 1.8 per 10,000 live births was estimated from regional registry data. Over three-fifths of the cohort were neonates (median diagnosis age: 11 days; IQR 5–42) and bilious vomiting was the defining complaint in 89% of cases. Almost half of the patients (44.4%) had one or more related congenital anomaly, with the most common being cardiac anomalies (n=5) and heterotaxy syndrome (n=3). The 25 surgically treated children all received Ladd procedure with two more needing to have bowel removed due to proven ischaemia. Mortality was 7.4% after 30 days, all of which were in patients presenting after the 48-hour limit. Multivariate modelling revealed delayed presentation (aOR 8.4; 95% CI 1.6–44.2; p=0.012) and heterotaxy syndrome (aOR 6.1; 95% CI 1.1–33.8; p=0.039) to be the only independent predictors of poor outcome. These findings suggest that patient survival is determined less by technological capacity than by the speed of recognition and referral.
Synthesis of some aliphatic amines using TEA-CO2 laser
This study presents a catalyst-free approach for the synthesis of high-purity aliphatic amines via laser-induced alkylation of ammonia using a TEA-CO₂ laser in an optoacoustic cell. Infrared multiphoton absorption (IRMPA) enables the activation of ammonia and alcohol molecules, leading to the formation of reactive radical intermediates. Mass spectrometric analysis confirmed the formation of eight types of primary amines with high selectivity. The laser-driven process effectively suppresses the formation of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amines, resulting in the preferential production of monoamines. The observed reaction behavior demonstrates that product yield and selectivity strongly depend on molecular structure and absorption characteristics. This study highlights the potential of laser-assisted synthesis as a clean and efficient alternative to conventional catalytic methods.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Synergistic Impact of Rapid Diagnostic Testing and Antimicrobial Stewardship on Clinical Outcomes: A Comprehensive Review
Rapid diagnostic testing (RDT) in conjunction with robust antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP) represents a transformative approach in clinical microbiology, significantly improving patient outcomes and optimizing antibiotic utilization. This paper reviews advancements in RDT technologies, including Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), and rapid phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing (rAST). Evidence from recent systematic reviews and network meta-analyses demonstrates that this combined strategy leads to a notable reduction in patient mortality, with an odds ratio of 0.72 compared to conventional methods. Furthermore, the integration of RDT and ASP results in a decreased length of hospital stay and a substantial shortening of the time to optimal antimicrobial therapy by nearly 30 hours. The role of medical laboratory professionals is pivotal in this paradigm, encompassing timely reporting, expert interpretation, and diagnostic stewardship. Despite challenges such as initial implementation costs and the need for workflow integration, emerging directions like point-of-care testing and artificial intelligence offer promising avenues for further enhancing infectious disease management. Ultimately, the synergy between rapid diagnostics and proactive stewardship is essential for combating antimicrobial resistance and enhancing the efficiency of global healthcare systems.
The role of artificial intelligence in enhancing linear equation modeling and Its Applications for Science-Stream Students
This study aims to investigate the impact of using artificial intelligence (AI) techniques on improving students' achievement and understanding of mathematics, identify obstacles and challenges to using these techniques in teaching, and propose solutions to overcome them. The study employs an applied analytical methodology consisting of pre- and post-tests administered to a group of 60 students, divided into two groups: a control group of 30 students and an experimental group of 30 students. Both groups received 90 days of training in using AI techniques to solve a set of linear equations. All students then underwent pre- and post-tests, followed by a questionnaire administered to the experimental group. The results were then statistically analyzed to evaluate the role of AI techniques in improving students' understanding and achievement. The results indicated an increase in achievement levels ranging from 20% to 40%, depending on individual student abilities, with an average achievement increase of 30%. The questionnaire results also indicated an improvement in students' achievement and understanding of problems related to linear equations, which aligns with the pre-test results. Therefore, the study recommends integrating artificial intelligence (AI) technologies into teaching in general, with the aim of improving overall comprehension and academic achievement, particularly in mathematics. The world continues to witness tremendous advancements in AI and computing technologies.
The Impact of Anemia on Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Anemia is a significant and frequent complication in patients diagnosed with chronic kidney failure, markedly diminishing their overall health and quality of life. This research investigates the profound impact of anemia on individuals with renal impairment, analyzing how reduced hemoglobin levels exacerbate clinical symptoms and trigger secondary complications. The primary physiological driver is the diminished production of erythropoietin by the failing kidneys, which impairs red blood cell synthesis. Findings indicate that patients with hemoglobin levels below 10 g/dL face a 20–30% higher risk of cardiovascular events. To mitigate these risks, the study evaluates various therapeutic interventions, including erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) and iron supplementation. Clinical data demonstrate that early intervention and precise management of iron and hemoglobin levels significantly enhance functional capacity and survival rates. However, the research cautions that treatment must be meticulously balanced to prevent adverse effects such as hypertension or increased thrombotic risks. The study concludes that regular monitoring and integrated medical-nutritional protocols are essential to improve patient outcomes. Furthermore, raising health awareness and adopting advanced monitoring technologies are recommended to reduce the clinical burden of anemia. Ultimately, proactive management of blood parameters remains a cornerstone in the comprehensive care of kidney failure patients.
Optimal Timing of Cholecystectomy in Pediatric Acute Biliary Pancreatitis: A Prospective Comparative Analysis of Early Versus Deferred Surgical Intervention
Background: Acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP) is a clinically important and rising disease in the pediatric and adolescent age group, especially in low- and middle-income countries experiencing epidemiological changes in biliary disease. The most common etiological mechanism is cholelithiasis-mediated pancreatic ductal obstruction. Although the use of international guidelines in promoting early definitive surgical intervention has been a constant agenda, in resource constrained systems like the public health infrastructure in Iraq, application has remained patchy because of multifactorial structural and logistical impediments. Purpose: To determine the difference in the 90-day pancreatitis recurrence and cumulative healthcare resource use between pediatric patients (aged 6–18 years) with mild-to-moderate ABP who underwent early cholecystectomy (≤72 hours of diagnosis) and those with deferred surgery (>6 weeks post-discharge). Methods: It was a prospective observational cohort study carried out at Al-Zahra Teaching Hospital, Wasit, Iraq (January 2021 September 2024). Patients meeting the Revised Atlanta Classification criteria of mild-to-moderate ABP were divided into an early cohort (Group E: n = 58) or a deferred cohort (Group D: n = 54). The most important endpoint was 90-day recurrent pancreatitis; others were cumulative inpatient days, 30-day readmission, postoperative complication per Clavien-Dindo grading, and systematic characterization of delay determinants. Results Recurrent pancreatitis was found in 3.4% of Group E and 24.1% of Group D (p < 0.001), with an absolute risk reduction of 20.7 percentage points and a number-needed-to-treat of five. Although the initial picture showed a slightly prolonged stay in Group E (4.2 vs. 3.1 days; p = 0.012), the total inpatient burden at 90 days was significantly less (5.3 vs. 8.9 days; p < 0.001). The profiles of perioperative complications were similar (1.7% vs. 3.7%; p = 0.59). Multivariable analysis established that early cholecystectomy is an independent protective factor (aOR = 0.11; 95% CI: 0.02-0.54; p =0.007). Health system-level factors accounted for 74% of all procedural delays. Conclusion: The early cholecystectomy within 72 hours of ABP diagnosis offers significant clinical and economic advantages in children in the Iraqi tertiary public hospital without increasing perioperative complication risk. To scale this approach, it is necessary to have targeted structural reforms in the health system, which is in keeping with Sustainable Development Goal 3.
Optical Performance Study and Metallic Absorption in Nanostructured Plasmonic Systems for Solar Unit Cell Design
This paper discusses metallic nanoplasmonic phenomena regarding the investigation of electron oscillations in metallic nanostructures, known as surface plasmons. Surface plasmons exhibit extraordinary optical properties. Plasmons are primarily found in metals, where electrons are weakly bound to atoms and are delocalized. Electrons in a metal can undergo collective oscillations, being pulled back by the attraction of the positive metal ions from which they originated.
Clinical Profile and Surgical Outcomes of Neonates with Intestinal Obstruction: A Five-Year Retrospective Study at Al-Karami Teaching Hospital, Kut, Iraq
Background: Neonatal intestinal obstruction (NIO) is one of the most severe emergencies of neonatal surgery. Early diagnosis and timely operative procedure is necessary to avoid life-threatening complications, such as bowel ischemia, perforation, and sepsis. Methods: It was a retrospective observational study that examined all neonate surgical cases (age ≤28 days) with confirmed mechanical intestinal obstruction of Al-Karami Teaching hospital, Al-Kut, Iraq, between January 2019 and December 2023. Demographics, ante-natal history, clinical presentation, radiographic studies, operative information, histopathologic diagnosis, post-operative complications and 30 days in-hospital mortality were analyzed in a systematic manner. Results A total of 87 neonates were recruited (male 59.8%, preterm 24.1%). Jejunoileal atresia (34.5%), malrotation with volvulus (21.8%), and Hirschsprung’s disease (16.1%) were the most common etiologies. Obstructive anomalies were detected in 32.2% of cases by antenatal ultrasonography. Bilious vomiting (87.4%), abdominal distension (70.1%), and inability to pass meconium within 48 hours (56.3%) were the most common presenting features. Definitive surgical correction was done in all patients. The incidence of postoperative complications was 25.3% with wound infection (9.2%), sepsis (6.9%), and anastomotic leakage (5.7%) being the most common. The overall in-hospital mortality stood at 6.9%, with cases of malrotation/volvulus or obstruction caused by NEC occurring after 72 hours. Mean hospital stay was 12.4 ± 6.2 days. Conclusions: NIO continues to be an important contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality in resource-restrained environments. In this institutional series morbidity and mortality rates are favorable to regional standards. Key interventions to improve outcomes include enhanced antenatal screening, early clinical recognition, and coordinated perioperative multidisciplinary care.
Investigating the Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Effects on Female Fertility in Albyda City, Libya
Research suggests a strong connection between a woman's vitamin D level and her reproductive health, including infertility and hormonal imbalance. This research aimed to assess how common vitamin D deficiency is among women and to offer a detailed analysis of the relationship between vitamin D status and infertility in females. Furthermore, it was aimed to examine the correlation between serum vitamin D, reproductive hormones (LH, FSH and prolactin) and BMI in 380 women of reproductive age (18-45). The study included 260 women in an infertility group and 120 healthy women as a control group. Serum 25(OH)D levels, body mass index (BMI), and hormonal parameters were evaluated. Most participants (60%) were found to have vitamin D deficiency, defined as levels below 20 ng/mL. This deficiency occurred significantly more often in infertile women (p = 0.001). In addition, a statistically significant relationship was observed between low vitamin D levels and obesity (p < 0.05). Spearman’s analysis indicated a weak negative correlation between vitamin D status and the study groups (rs = −0.177, p = 0.001). However, no significant associations were detected between vitamin D and other measured variables across the entire sample. A possible link between vitamin D and FSH was identified only among obese participants (p = 0.013). Overall, the results highlight that vitamin D deficiency is widespread in women of reproductive age and may be associated with infertility and hormonal disturbances, particularly in those who are obese.
Physicochemical and Sensory Evaluation of Selected Types of Pasteurized Cow's Milk in Sirte, Libya
This study was conducted at the Animal Production Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sirte, from March to July 2025. The research aimed to evaluate and compare the quality of different types of pasteurized cow's milk available in the local market of Sirte by analyzing various physicochemical and sensory parameters. Samples from three different types of pasteurized milk were collected and analyzed at the Al-Qardabiyah Dairy Production Project laboratory to assess quality consistency. The results revealed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in several components, including non-fat solids, protein, lactose, and salts, while density and temperature showed no significant variations. Specifically, the third sample recorded the highest percentages of non-fat solids (10.43%), protein (3.82%), and lactose (5.76%), whereas the first sample showed the highest fat content at 3.87%. Density values across all samples (1.03–1.04) indicated minimal water dilution, confirming the purity of local products in the study area. The study concludes that there is a noticeable variation in milk quality among different producers, likely reflecting differences in raw milk sources or processing conditions. The researchers recommend strict control of pasteurization temperatures and times, the establishment of internal quality monitoring laboratories, and the enhancement of veterinary healthcare for cattle to ensure the safety and nutritional value of the final product.
Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Therapy in Tendon and Ligament Healing
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment has gained increasing scientific interest as a biologically viable, less invasive treatment of musculoskeletal connective tissue injuries, specifically tendin and ligamental ones. PRP is an autologous blood-derived concentrate, which provides an extremely enriched milieu of growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and insulin-like growth factor- 1(IGF-1), which work together to coordinate the cellular and molecular processes of tissue healing. The aim of the study was to provide a rigorous evaluation of the therapeutic effects of PRP as an agent in tendon and ligament healing, its mechanistic understanding, clinical outcome measures through validated functional indices, as well as critically analyze the challenges that are currently deterring its use in a broader context. A combined approach of a prospective interventional cohort of 30 patients with a systematic review of peer-reviewed articles was used as a comprehensive methodological framework. Outcome measures included pain intensity, which was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), functional recovery, which was measured using the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scale and the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment (VISA) score, and structural tissue changes measured by ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at three and six months of follow-up. Findings showed that there was a significant decrease in pain (VAS between 7.2 + 1.3 baseline and 1.9 + 0.7 six months, p < 0.001), there was a significant increase in functional performance (DASH between 58.3 + 8.4 to 22.5 + 6.3, VISA between 34.2 + 7.6 to 78.5 + 9.1), and, finally, imaging-defined structural changes in 70-83% of individuals. Although such positive results were achieved, such obstacles as inter-preparation inconsistency in platelet concentration, the lack of standardized dosing regimens, and economic inaccessibility of PRP device are still noteworthy. The conclusion of this review is that PRP is a clinically relevant intervention that should be further standardized with placebo-controlled trials that are designed rigorously.
Comprehensive Analysis of Ki67 Proliferative Index in Basal Cell Carcinoma: Correlation with Clinical and Histopathological Subtypes
Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of non-melanoma skin cancer in the whole world with about 75 percent of all skin-related cancers. It has a close pathogenesis associated with cumulative exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and major variation in clinical behaviour based on the histopathological subtype. Ki67, a nuclear proliferation, has already become one of the useful markers in differentiating between biologically aggressive and indolent BCC subtypes, but its systematic evaluation among the population of Iraq is still minimal. Objective: The study aims to examine the clinical pathology features of BCC among patients who visit hospitals of the Wasit Health Directorate and specifically to explore the Ki67 proliferative index of the histological types and the possible application as a prognostic marker. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out in the period between May 2022 and May 2024 at the hospitals of the Wasit Health Directorate. Eighty BCC cases were recruited histopathologically. Demographic information (age, sex, occupation), the location of the tumor and histopathological subtypes were noted. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) tissue sections were used. The immunohistochemical assay of Ki67 was done by investigating with MIB-1 monoclonal antibody clone; Ki67 was considered low (less than 10% nuclear staining) and high (greater than 10% nuclear staining) staining. Fisher exact test was used to measure statistical significance. Results: BCC was higher among the male population (57.5% vs. 42.5 per cent), although the highest incidence was found in the group of patients of 61 years and above (45 per cent). The risk factor of outdoor occupational UV exposure was very high and was found in 42.5% of male patients and 17.5% of female patients. The most prevalent histopathological subtype was nodular (55%), then there were superficial (22.5%), pigmented (8.75%), basosquamous (7.5%), and infiltrative (6.25%). Nine percent percent of aggressive subtypes (basosquamous and infiltrative combined) had high Ki67 expression, versus 16 of non-aggressive subtypes (nodular, superficial, and pigmented, p = 0.001). Most affected anatomical sites were at the nose (55%) and the medial canthus (25%). Conclusion: The Ki67 immunohistochemical marker expression has proved to be statistically significant regarding BCC histopathological aggressiveness, making it possible to objectively distinguish between indolent and aggressive subtypes. Ki67 analysis included in standard pathology of BCC can help to improve the generalization of prognosis and adjust treatment choices. Such results also highlight a necessity of special attention to effective public health strategies to deal with UV exposure among the occupationally vulnerable Iraqi population.
Surgical Management of Cutaneous Melanocytic Nevi: Clinicopathological Findings and Outcomes from a Tertiary Plastic Surgery Center in Baghdad, Iraq
It was a prospective, single-centered observational study of 320 patients who had cutaneous pigmented moles that underwent surgery at Ghazi Al-Hariri Hospital of Surgical Specialties, Baghdad Medical City, during the period between January 2022 and December 2023. The handheld polarized dermoscopy and ABCDE dermoscopic criteria were used together to make the preoperative assessment. WHO Skin Tumour Classification (5th edition, 2022) was used to assess the histopathology. Extended the follow-up to 12 months. The histopathology showed 278 benign nevi (86.9) and 42 premalignant or malignant lesions (36 dysplastic nevi, 6 melanoma (4 in situ, 2 invasive). The main anatomical location was the face (41.3%), and the next was the trunk (30.6%). The preoperative clinical -dermoscopic evaluation had a general concordance percentage of 89.4 with histopathology, sensitivity of 85.7 percent in the malignancy detection and specificity percentage of 97.1. Primary closure on an elliptical excision was done in 94.1 percent of cases. In 5.6% of patients there were postoperative complications which were mostly superficial infections and hypertrophic scarring. In 12-month follow-up, one case of invasive melanoma was registered. Cosmetic patient satisfaction was more than 82%. These results suggest that a combination of structured clinical assessment and dermoscopy and histopathological confirmation allows safe and effective excision of moles in a resource-constrained Iraqi context, and aids in the development of national guidelines on the management of pigmented lesions.
Integration of Geophysics, AI, and GIS for Groundwater Contamination Assessment in Zliten
Environmental geophysics provides non-invasive techniques for assessing groundwater quality and contamination risks. This research integrates electrical resistivity and magnetic methods, based on findings from previous studies, to model groundwater rise and pollution in Zliten, Libya. The adapted methodology demonstrates the efficiency of resistivity and magnetic surveys in detecting saline intrusion, industrial pollution, and variations in the groundwater table. AI-assisted classification (ANN and SVM) improved interpretation accuracy, providing a practical and scalable framework for monitoring groundwater in semi-arid coastal environments.
A Comparison Between Antiemetic Metoclopramide and Dexamethasone in Cesarean Section under Spinal Anesthesia
Caesarean section is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures worldwide, and its safety has significantly improved with the adoption of spinal anesthesia. However, spinal anesthesia is often associated with intraoperative and postoperative nausea and vomiting, which negatively impacts the patient's experience and surgical outcomes. This study aims to provide evidence-based insights into the effectiveness of Metoclopramide and Dexamethasone in managing nausea and vomiting following cesarean sections under spinal anesthesia, ultimately contributing to better management protocols and improved maternal outcomes. The study seeks to compare the effectiveness of metoclopramide and dexamethasone as antiemetic treatments in cases of cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. A pilot study was conducted on a group of women who underwent cesarean sections. They were divided into two groups: one group received metoclopramide and the other received dexamethasone. Nausea and vomiting were measured after the operation and any side effects were documented. The results showed that metoclopramide was more effective in reducing nausea and vomiting compared to dexamethasone, with the group receiving metoclopramide recording lower rates of nausea and vomiting, indicating its superiority as a treatment option in this context. Based on these results, metoclopramide is recommended as part of the post-nausea and vomiting management protocol. Caesarean section under spinal anesthesia.
Production of Basaltic Cementitious Materials: Raw Material Assessment in Numerous Regions in Libya
The primary objective of this study is to assess the viability of using Libyan basalt to produce high-quality basaltic cementitious materials, specifically basalt powder and fiber. The investigation focuses on basaltic rocks (including olivine basalt, alkali olivine basalt, and olivine tholeiite) sourced from seven key locations in Libya: Bani Walid, Qasr Ash Shwayrif, Jabal Al Hasawnah, Sabha, Al Fuqaha, Zallah, and Abu Naim. Methodology involved analyzing major oxide concentrations (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, Na2O, and K2O) from 65 samples dated from the Eocene to Pleistocene. Results indicate that the chemical composition of the examined basalt is generally unsuitable for producing high-quality basalt powder or fiber. Specifically, major oxide levels often fall outside the required parameters for consistent melting and pozzolanic action, leading to subpar mechanical properties and instability in fibers. Despite these limitations, the basalt may be beneficial for other applications such as soil amendment. To enhance material quality for industrial use, the study recommends mixing the basalt with other materials to achieve ideal chemical ratios or employing acid leaching to adjust its composition for better processing.
Age-Related Changes in Selected Blood Biochemical Parameters and Antioxidant Enzymes in Female Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedarius)
This study evaluates age- and season-related changes in hematological, biochemical, and antioxidant parameters in female dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) under arid conditions in eastern Libya. A total of clinically healthy, non-pregnant, and non-lactating camels were categorized into three age groups: young adults (3–6 years), middle-aged (7–12 years), and older adults (≥13 years). Results indicate that advancing age is the primary determinant of physiological alterations, particularly in serum protein metabolism and antioxidant defense systems, while seasonal variations exert a secondary effect mainly on hematological variables and glucose concentration. Older camels exhibited a significant shift in serum protein patterns, characterized by decreased albumin (35.8 ± 1.4 g/L), increased globulin (46.3 ± 1.9 g/L), and a reduced albumin/globulin ratio (0.77 ± 0.04), indicating age-associated metabolic and immunological remodeling. Notably, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) declined progressively with age (P < 0.05), reflecting reduced oxidative neutralization capacity and supporting the concept of oxidative aging in camels despite their desert adaptations. In contrast, core hematological parameters and glucose homeostasis remained largely preserved across age groups, highlighting remarkable physiological resilience. Seasonal effects were most evident in RBC counts, PCV, and hemoglobin, peaking during winter, consistent with environmental influences on hydration and nutrient availability. These findings underscore the importance of age-aware physiological assessment in camel health management, suggesting that monitoring protein fractions and antioxidant enzymes can provide early indicators of physiological aging.
Evaluation and Gap Analysis of ISO 45001 Implementation for Occupational Health and Safety at Brega Oil Marketing Company
This study assesses the implementation level of the Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS) based on ISO 45001:2018 at Brega Oil Marketing Company (BOMC), Libya. A quantitative descriptive methodology was employed using a structured questionnaire derived from ISO 45001 clauses. Data were collected from 60 employees across four operational sites and analyzed using descriptive statistics in IBM SPSS. The results indicate partial compliance with ISO 45001 requirements (mean ≈ 3.82). Strong performance was observed in safety awareness and employee satisfaction, whereas weaknesses were identified in planning, hazard identification, and performance evaluation processes. The study recommends strengthening risk-based planning and internal auditing mechanisms to improve system effectiveness and ensure continual improvement.
Impact of Encryption Mechanisms on Power Consumption in LoRaWAN and NB-IoT Networks
As the Internet of Things (IoT) expands rapidly, Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) like LoRa and NB-IoT have become essential for connecting devices with limited power. However, maintaining secure applications while minimizing power consumption is a significant challenge due to the trade-off between energy efficiency and data protection. This paper investigates the impact of implementing security mechanisms, specifically transmitted data encryption, on power consumption in LoRa and NB-IoT networks. The study highlights how various encryption schemes affect battery life, latency, and connection stability. Key findings demonstrate that while NB-IoT utilizes hardware-accelerated security via cellular modules for efficiency, LoRaWAN relies on software-based AES-128 encryption which increases CPU cycles and energy usage. Experimental results for LoRaWAN show that increasing the AES key size from 128-bit to 192-bit and 256-bit leads to a substantial rise in energy consumption and processing delays. Specifically, AES-256 increased energy consumption by 30–32% and processing time by up to 32% compared to the baseline. The study concludes that while security is vital, its implementation must be carefully planned to prevent drastically lowering energy efficiency in battery-powered IoT devices. It is recommended to use AES-128 for a balance of security and power, alongside power management modes like deep sleep to further extend battery life.
Comparative Evaluation of Marshall Properties for Crumb Rubber Modified AC-BC and AC-WC Asphalt Mixtures using the Dry Process
This study evaluates the mechanical and volumetric performance of asphalt mixtures modified with crumb rubber (CR) using the dry process. Road infrastructure demands high-quality materials to ensure durability and accommodate increasing traffic loads. The research compares two types of mixtures: Asphalt Concrete-Wearing Course (AC-WC) and Asphalt Concrete-Binder Course (AC-BC). Five different asphalt contents (5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, and 7%) were tested, with the addition of 3% and 5% crumb rubber by weight of the fine aggregate. Performance was assessed based on Marshall Test parameters, including stability, flow, and volumetric properties such as Voids Filled with Asphalt (VFA) and Voids in the Mixture (VIM). Results indicated that while the addition of crumb rubber generally increased VFA and inversely decreased VIM, it had a counterproductive effect on Marshall stability in certain concentrations. The study concludes that the AC-BC mixture with 3% crumb rubber provides the most balanced performance in terms of strength and durability compared to higher rubber contents. These findings suggest that 3% CR modification in binder courses offers a viable alternative for improving road pavement quality.
Graphs as Topological spaces: A Study of Block Topology and its Basic Properties
The interaction between graph theory and topology has yielded rich results for understanding many structural interpretations of discrete objects. This paper examines block spaces on undirected graphs. Fundamental concepts such as closure, density, and continuity were studied, and the conditions for connectedness were discussed, furthermore, the contractibility of block spaces and the fixed-point theory of continuous block-preserving functions were verified. Finally, the complete equivalence between topological homeomorphism and block-cut tee isomorphism were established.
Prediction of Transient States in High-Voltage Power Grids Using Advanced Metaverse Digital Systems
Transient states in high-voltage power grids represent critical challenges for power system operation and stability, where sudden load changes or faults lead to phenomena such as frequency transients, voltage fluctuations, and instability risks. This paper presents an advanced framework for predicting transient states using an integrated Metaverse environment that combines digital twin physical modeling, real-time simulation, and big data analysis through machine learning. The proposed system relies on comprehensive virtual simulation of high-voltage networks within an interactive Metaverse environment, integrating real-time and historical data from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), smart sensors, and SCADA systems. Deep learning algorithms (LSTM, Convolutional Neural Networks) are applied for predictive modeling, with augmented reality (AR) techniques for real-time visualization of predictions. Simulation results on the IEEE 39-bus system demonstrated a 34% improvement in prediction accuracy compared to conventional methods, with reduction of early detection time for critical states to less than 100 milliseconds. The study presents a practical framework for Metaverse applications in smart grid management and adaptive preventive control.
Design and Implementation of an Intelligent UAV-Based Border Surveillance System with Autonomous Navigation and Real-Time Monitoring
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly adopted for border surveillance because they can deliver persistent coverage, rapid deployment, and real-time situational awareness across wide and remote areas at comparatively low operational cost. This study presents the design, development, and implementation of an intelligent quadcopter-based surveillance platform that combines autonomous navigation with live monitoring and on-board vision processing. The proposed system integrates a Pixhawk 2.4.8 flight controller, GPS waypoint navigation, and FPV video transmission, supported by Python-based computer vision modules for real-time object detection and tracking using OpenCV. To enable end-to-end operation, a custom ground-control web application was developed using React and Java-based REST APIs, with IoT communication protocols to support mission planning, live video viewing, continuous aircraft telemetry/status monitoring, and manual override when required. System validation was performed through a structured set of laboratory and field experiments, including propulsion characterization, ESC and sensor calibration, PID tuning for flight stability, and multi-scenario flight trials. The experimental results indicate stable autonomous flight at altitudes up to 15 m, dependable real-time video streaming, effective detection and tracking of moving targets under practical conditions, and robust fail-safe behavior through return-to-launch during abnormal or emergency events. Overall, the implemented platform provides a scalable and cost-efficient approach to strengthen border-security operations and offers a flexible foundation for future enhancements such as thermal imaging, advanced AI recognition models, and autonomous charging or docking stations.
The Reality of Healthcare Quality and the Readiness of Shahid Imhammad Al-Maqrif Teaching Hospital for Joint Commission International (JCI) Accreditation: An Analytical Study
The present research aims to evaluate the feasibility of implementing the Joint Commission International (JCI) accreditation standards at the Shahid Imhammad Al-Maqrif Teaching Hospital in Ajdabiya, Libya. The study addresses the growing complexity of healthcare facilities and the critical intersection between medical engineering and clinical quality. A descriptive-analytical methodology was employed, utilizing a specialized assessment tool based on international clinical and administrative standards, including patient safety, clinical care protocols, and infrastructure integrity. Results indicate that while the hospital possesses foundational infrastructure and qualified medical personnel, there are significant gaps in systematic quality management, standardized sterilization protocols, and specialized architectural requirements for high-risk areas such as isolation and operating rooms. The study concludes that achieving JCI accreditation is attainable provided that a comprehensive strategic plan is adopted to bridge the identified technical and administrative gaps, alongside continuous training for staff on international safety benchmarks. The research emphasizes that the integration of medical engineering in facility management is a prerequisite for ensuring a safe and high-quality therapeutic environment.
Integrating Sustainable Development Principles in Health Services Management: A Model for Improving Efficiency and Reducing Costs
This study aimed to analyze the extent to which sustainable development principles are integrated into the management of healthcare services and to examine their relationship with operational efficiency and cost reduction without compromising service quality. The study adopted a descriptive–analytical approach using a structured questionnaire administered to a sample of healthcare professionals in selected healthcare facilities. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and hypothesis-testing techniques. The findings indicate that the overall level of integration of sustainable development principles in healthcare facilities is moderate. Social equity and long-term planning ranked among the most applied principles, while cross-sectoral integration, technological innovation, and good governance recorded the lowest levels. This pattern suggests the existence of institutional gaps in the implementation of sustainability dimensions most closely associated with managerial reform and technological advancement. The results also revealed that cost reduction without compromising quality received relatively higher evaluation scores compared to the dimension of operational efficiency improvement. Hypothesis testing demonstrated a statistically significant positive relationship between the integration of sustainable development principles and cost reduction. However, no statistically significant relationship was found between the integration of these principles and operational efficiency improvement. This divergence may reflect the fact that sustainability practices currently implemented in healthcare facilities tend to focus on controlling expenditures and optimizing resource use, without being accompanied by sufficient administrative, technological, or structural reforms capable of improving operational performance. Furthermore, the results showed significant differences in perceptions of sustainability integration based on educational level, years of experience, job position, healthcare facility, and department, while gender did not show a statistically significant effect. Overall, the findings suggest that the integration of sustainable development principles in the healthcare sector remains largely concentrated on the economic dimension of cost control, whereas the institutional dimension—particularly governance and innovation—remains relatively weak. Therefore, improving the effectiveness of sustainability integration requires moving beyond procedural measures toward deeper institutional reforms, including strengthening governance structures, promoting technological innovation, and redesigning operational processes to achieve a meaningful alignment between sustainability objectives and operational efficiency.
Integration of Sustainable Development Principles
Geotechnical Changes in Oil-Contaminated Desert Soils and Their Impact on Infrastructure Stability in Arid Regions: A Case Study in Dry and Desert Ecosystems of Southern Libya
Petroleum waste disposal in oil-producing regions creates dangerous geotechnical problems affecting desert ecosystems because soil restoration requires extremely long periods. This research investigates how oil contamination affects the geotechnical properties of soils in the Sharara, Elephant, and NC-186 Mutakhendush oil fields in southern Libya. The study utilized simulated datasets and geotechnical testing to analyze changes in strength, density, permeability, and shear parameters in locations experiencing produced water, drilling wastes, and accidental spills. Results indicate that oil contamination transformed soil properties beyond natural background levels, with sites showing moderate to high degradation. Specifically, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and cohesion at Sharara showed reductions of 58% and 67%, respectively. The analysis of spatial data reveals that operational activities and waste disposal methods create distinct contamination patterns. The research also explores soil stabilization techniques using AI-based geographical mapping to enhance monitoring and remediation planning. Experimental results demonstrated that a combined approach using microbial degradation and Enzyme-Induced Calcite Precipitation (EICP) with lime achieved the highest recovery rates, restoring up to 70% of UCS. These findings emphasize the urgent need for effective petroleum waste management and advanced stabilization strategies to reduce geotechnical risks and protect infrastructure and desert habitats in southern Libya. Integrating AI-assisted mapping with computational tools provides a robust framework for environmental managers to monitor and control geotechnical instability in remote arid regions.
Physiological and Immunological Responses of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fed Diets Enriched with Vitex agnus-castus Extract
This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Vitex agnus-castus fruit extract on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Two hundred and forty fish were randomly distributed into four groups and fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 1, 2, or 4 g/kg of extract for 60 days. Results indicated that fish fed 2 and 4 g/kg exhibited significantly higher final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate, alongside a lower feed conversion ratio compared to the control (P < 0.05). Activities of digestive enzymes including protease, amylase, and lipase, as well as antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, were significantly enhanced in all treated groups. The highest values for these parameters were observed at the 2 g/kg level. Furthermore, immune parameters including lysozyme activity, complement activity, and respiratory burst activity were significantly elevated in the treatment groups. The study concludes that dietary supplementation of V. agnus-castus extract at 2 g/kg optimally improves growth, enhances digestion, boosts antioxidant capacity, and strengthens immune function in O. niloticus.
A Rigorous Sawi Decomposition Framework for the Nonlinear Lotka–Volterra System: Convergence Theory, Stability Analysis, and Numerical Validation
In the 1920s, the Lotka-Volterra equations were developed as a foundational model for predator-prey dynamics in mathematical biology. Since these nonlinear equations rarely possess exact analytical solutions, advanced semi-analytical methods are required for their study. This research investigates the Sawi Decomposition Method (SDM), an innovative hybrid approach combining the Sawi integral transform with the Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM). We establish a rigorous mathematical framework for the Sawi transform, detailing its linearity and differential properties. Furthermore, we provide a formal proof of the method's convergence and the uniqueness of its solutions for this class of nonlinear systems. To ensure biological relevance, we conduct a stability analysis of the system's equilibrium points, identifying the coexistence equilibrium as a center with closed orbits. The performance of SDM is benchmarked against the Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM), Variational Iteration Method (VIM), Laplace Decomposition Method (LDM), and the fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK4) scheme. Utilizing wolf and moose population data from Isle Royale National Park, numerical experiments demonstrate that SDM achieves high accuracy—comparable to LDM—while significantly reducing algebraic complexity and exhibiting faster convergence than HPM and VIM. The results confirm that SDM is a robust and computationally efficient alternative for modeling complex population dynamics.
Enhancing Medical Image Quality Using Hybrid Deep Neural Networks for Clinical Decision Support
This study aims to develop and design an intelligent model based on artificial intelligence and neural network techniques for diagnosing clinical conditions of various diseases, particularly eye diseases, in record time and with high accuracy by improving the quality of medical images. A descriptive analytical methodology was employed, measuring the model's performance using several statistical indicators, such as accuracy, recall rate, and prediction accuracy, to verify its effectiveness and power in analyzing medical images and diagnosing medical conditions. The study also analyzed the model's impact on improving the quality of medical images and its role in helping physicians expedite the diagnostic process and predict potential disease progression, especially in the field of ophthalmology. The results indicated the effectiveness of the proposed model, with an accuracy of 95.8%, a prediction accuracy of 96%, a recall rate of 95.4%, and an F1 score of 94.8%. These indicators reflect the model's efficiency in accurately identifying pathological patterns in medical images. The results also showed a significant improvement in image quality after applying neural network-based processing techniques, with image quality improvement ranging from 28% to 37% compared to the original images. This remarkable improvement can enhance the accuracy of medical diagnoses, reduce the time required for treatment decisions, and increase the clarity of fine details in medical images. This, in turn, supports physicians in diagnosing clinical conditions and taking appropriate treatment measures promptly, especially in cases of eye diseases that demand a high degree of accuracy and speed in diagnosis.
accurate predictive diagnosis of clinical conditions