Scientific Journal for Publishing in Health Research and Technology
The Scientific Journal for Publishing in Health Research and Technology (SJPHRT) (ISSN: 3105-949X) is an open-access, peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Academic University in Libya. Dedicated to advancing scientific knowledge, SJPHRT serves as a vital platform for researchers and scholars in the fields of health and technology sciences. The journal publishes four issues annually, providing timely access to cutting-edge research. Our Vision To be a leading scientific publication that promotes innovation and excellence in health and technology research in Libya and the broader region. Our Mission To publish high-quality, peer-reviewed research that contributes significantly to the body of knowledge in health and technology, while supporting the academic community through a transparent and efficient publication process. Our Objectives Disseminate knowledge: Publish original and impactful research. Encourage collaboration: Foster a global academic community. Ensure quality: Maintain rigorous peer-review standards.
Impact of Encryption Mechanisms on Power Consumption in LoRaWAN and NB-IoT Networks
As the Internet of Things (IoT) expands rapidly, Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) like LoRa and NB-IoT have become essential for connecting devices with limited power. However, maintaining secure applications while minimizing power consumption is a significant challenge due to the trade-off between energy efficiency and data protection. This paper investigates the impact of implementing security mechanisms, specifically transmitted data encryption, on power consumption in LoRa and NB-IoT networks. The study highlights how various encryption schemes affect battery life, latency, and connection stability. Key findings demonstrate that while NB-IoT utilizes hardware-accelerated security via cellular modules for efficiency, LoRaWAN relies on software-based AES-128 encryption which increases CPU cycles and energy usage. Experimental results for LoRaWAN show that increasing the AES key size from 128-bit to 192-bit and 256-bit leads to a substantial rise in energy consumption and processing delays. Specifically, AES-256 increased energy consumption by 30–32% and processing time by up to 32% compared to the baseline. The study concludes that while security is vital, its implementation must be carefully planned to prevent drastically lowering energy efficiency in battery-powered IoT devices. It is recommended to use AES-128 for a balance of security and power, alongside power management modes like deep sleep to further extend battery life.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Evaluation of Marshall Properties for Crumb Rubber Modified AC-BC and AC-WC Asphalt Mixtures using the Dry Process
This study evaluates the mechanical and volumetric performance of asphalt mixtures modified with crumb rubber (CR) using the dry process. Road infrastructure demands high-quality materials to ensure durability and accommodate increasing traffic loads. The research compares two types of mixtures: Asphalt Concrete-Wearing Course (AC-WC) and Asphalt Concrete-Binder Course (AC-BC). Five different asphalt contents (5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, and 7%) were tested, with the addition of 3% and 5% crumb rubber by weight of the fine aggregate. Performance was assessed based on Marshall Test parameters, including stability, flow, and volumetric properties such as Voids Filled with Asphalt (VFA) and Voids in the Mixture (VIM). Results indicated that while the addition of crumb rubber generally increased VFA and inversely decreased VIM, it had a counterproductive effect on Marshall stability in certain concentrations. The study concludes that the AC-BC mixture with 3% crumb rubber provides the most balanced performance in terms of strength and durability compared to higher rubber contents. These findings suggest that 3% CR modification in binder courses offers a viable alternative for improving road pavement quality.
Graphs as Topological spaces: A Study of Block Topology and its Basic Properties
The interaction between graph theory and topology has yielded rich results for understanding many structural interpretations of discrete objects. This paper examines block spaces on undirected graphs. Fundamental concepts such as closure, density, and continuity were studied, and the conditions for connectedness were discussed, furthermore, the contractibility of block spaces and the fixed-point theory of continuous block-preserving functions were verified. Finally, the complete equivalence between topological homeomorphism and block-cut tee isomorphism were established.
Prediction of Transient States in High-Voltage Power Grids Using Advanced Metaverse Digital Systems
Transient states in high-voltage power grids represent critical challenges for power system operation and stability, where sudden load changes or faults lead to phenomena such as frequency transients, voltage fluctuations, and instability risks. This paper presents an advanced framework for predicting transient states using an integrated Metaverse environment that combines digital twin physical modeling, real-time simulation, and big data analysis through machine learning. The proposed system relies on comprehensive virtual simulation of high-voltage networks within an interactive Metaverse environment, integrating real-time and historical data from Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), smart sensors, and SCADA systems. Deep learning algorithms (LSTM, Convolutional Neural Networks) are applied for predictive modeling, with augmented reality (AR) techniques for real-time visualization of predictions. Simulation results on the IEEE 39-bus system demonstrated a 34% improvement in prediction accuracy compared to conventional methods, with reduction of early detection time for critical states to less than 100 milliseconds. The study presents a practical framework for Metaverse applications in smart grid management and adaptive preventive control.
Design and Implementation of an Intelligent UAV-Based Border Surveillance System with Autonomous Navigation and Real-Time Monitoring
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly adopted for border surveillance because they can deliver persistent coverage, rapid deployment, and real-time situational awareness across wide and remote areas at comparatively low operational cost. This study presents the design, development, and implementation of an intelligent quadcopter-based surveillance platform that combines autonomous navigation with live monitoring and on-board vision processing. The proposed system integrates a Pixhawk 2.4.8 flight controller, GPS waypoint navigation, and FPV video transmission, supported by Python-based computer vision modules for real-time object detection and tracking using OpenCV. To enable end-to-end operation, a custom ground-control web application was developed using React and Java-based REST APIs, with IoT communication protocols to support mission planning, live video viewing, continuous aircraft telemetry/status monitoring, and manual override when required. System validation was performed through a structured set of laboratory and field experiments, including propulsion characterization, ESC and sensor calibration, PID tuning for flight stability, and multi-scenario flight trials. The experimental results indicate stable autonomous flight at altitudes up to 15 m, dependable real-time video streaming, effective detection and tracking of moving targets under practical conditions, and robust fail-safe behavior through return-to-launch during abnormal or emergency events. Overall, the implemented platform provides a scalable and cost-efficient approach to strengthen border-security operations and offers a flexible foundation for future enhancements such as thermal imaging, advanced AI recognition models, and autonomous charging or docking stations.
The Reality of Healthcare Quality and the Readiness of Shahid Imhammad Al-Maqrif Teaching Hospital for Joint Commission International (JCI) Accreditation: An Analytical Study
The present research aims to evaluate the feasibility of implementing the Joint Commission International (JCI) accreditation standards at the Shahid Imhammad Al-Maqrif Teaching Hospital in Ajdabiya, Libya. The study addresses the growing complexity of healthcare facilities and the critical intersection between medical engineering and clinical quality. A descriptive-analytical methodology was employed, utilizing a specialized assessment tool based on international clinical and administrative standards, including patient safety, clinical care protocols, and infrastructure integrity. Results indicate that while the hospital possesses foundational infrastructure and qualified medical personnel, there are significant gaps in systematic quality management, standardized sterilization protocols, and specialized architectural requirements for high-risk areas such as isolation and operating rooms. The study concludes that achieving JCI accreditation is attainable provided that a comprehensive strategic plan is adopted to bridge the identified technical and administrative gaps, alongside continuous training for staff on international safety benchmarks. The research emphasizes that the integration of medical engineering in facility management is a prerequisite for ensuring a safe and high-quality therapeutic environment.
Integrating Sustainable Development Principles in Health Services Management: A Model for Improving Efficiency and Reducing Costs
This study aimed to analyze the extent to which sustainable development principles are integrated into the management of healthcare services and to examine their relationship with operational efficiency and cost reduction without compromising service quality. The study adopted a descriptive–analytical approach using a structured questionnaire administered to a sample of healthcare professionals in selected healthcare facilities. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and hypothesis-testing techniques. The findings indicate that the overall level of integration of sustainable development principles in healthcare facilities is moderate. Social equity and long-term planning ranked among the most applied principles, while cross-sectoral integration, technological innovation, and good governance recorded the lowest levels. This pattern suggests the existence of institutional gaps in the implementation of sustainability dimensions most closely associated with managerial reform and technological advancement. The results also revealed that cost reduction without compromising quality received relatively higher evaluation scores compared to the dimension of operational efficiency improvement. Hypothesis testing demonstrated a statistically significant positive relationship between the integration of sustainable development principles and cost reduction. However, no statistically significant relationship was found between the integration of these principles and operational efficiency improvement. This divergence may reflect the fact that sustainability practices currently implemented in healthcare facilities tend to focus on controlling expenditures and optimizing resource use, without being accompanied by sufficient administrative, technological, or structural reforms capable of improving operational performance. Furthermore, the results showed significant differences in perceptions of sustainability integration based on educational level, years of experience, job position, healthcare facility, and department, while gender did not show a statistically significant effect. Overall, the findings suggest that the integration of sustainable development principles in the healthcare sector remains largely concentrated on the economic dimension of cost control, whereas the institutional dimension—particularly governance and innovation—remains relatively weak. Therefore, improving the effectiveness of sustainability integration requires moving beyond procedural measures toward deeper institutional reforms, including strengthening governance structures, promoting technological innovation, and redesigning operational processes to achieve a meaningful alignment between sustainability objectives and operational efficiency.
Integration of Sustainable Development Principles
Geotechnical Changes in Oil-Contaminated Desert Soils and Their Impact on Infrastructure Stability in Arid Regions: A Case Study in Dry and Desert Ecosystems of Southern Libya
Petroleum waste disposal in oil-producing regions creates dangerous geotechnical problems affecting desert ecosystems because soil restoration requires extremely long periods. This research investigates how oil contamination affects the geotechnical properties of soils in the Sharara, Elephant, and NC-186 Mutakhendush oil fields in southern Libya. The study utilized simulated datasets and geotechnical testing to analyze changes in strength, density, permeability, and shear parameters in locations experiencing produced water, drilling wastes, and accidental spills. Results indicate that oil contamination transformed soil properties beyond natural background levels, with sites showing moderate to high degradation. Specifically, Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and cohesion at Sharara showed reductions of 58% and 67%, respectively. The analysis of spatial data reveals that operational activities and waste disposal methods create distinct contamination patterns. The research also explores soil stabilization techniques using AI-based geographical mapping to enhance monitoring and remediation planning. Experimental results demonstrated that a combined approach using microbial degradation and Enzyme-Induced Calcite Precipitation (EICP) with lime achieved the highest recovery rates, restoring up to 70% of UCS. These findings emphasize the urgent need for effective petroleum waste management and advanced stabilization strategies to reduce geotechnical risks and protect infrastructure and desert habitats in southern Libya. Integrating AI-assisted mapping with computational tools provides a robust framework for environmental managers to monitor and control geotechnical instability in remote arid regions.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physiological and Immunological Responses of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fed Diets Enriched with Vitex agnus-castus Extract
This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Vitex agnus-castus fruit extract on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Two hundred and forty fish were randomly distributed into four groups and fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 1, 2, or 4 g/kg of extract for 60 days. Results indicated that fish fed 2 and 4 g/kg exhibited significantly higher final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate, alongside a lower feed conversion ratio compared to the control (P < 0.05). Activities of digestive enzymes including protease, amylase, and lipase, as well as antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, were significantly enhanced in all treated groups. The highest values for these parameters were observed at the 2 g/kg level. Furthermore, immune parameters including lysozyme activity, complement activity, and respiratory burst activity were significantly elevated in the treatment groups. The study concludes that dietary supplementation of V. agnus-castus extract at 2 g/kg optimally improves growth, enhances digestion, boosts antioxidant capacity, and strengthens immune function in O. niloticus.
A Rigorous Sawi Decomposition Framework for the Nonlinear Lotka–Volterra System: Convergence Theory, Stability Analysis, and Numerical Validation
In the 1920s, the Lotka-Volterra equations were developed as a foundational model for predator-prey dynamics in mathematical biology. Since these nonlinear equations rarely possess exact analytical solutions, advanced semi-analytical methods are required for their study. This research investigates the Sawi Decomposition Method (SDM), an innovative hybrid approach combining the Sawi integral transform with the Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM). We establish a rigorous mathematical framework for the Sawi transform, detailing its linearity and differential properties. Furthermore, we provide a formal proof of the method's convergence and the uniqueness of its solutions for this class of nonlinear systems. To ensure biological relevance, we conduct a stability analysis of the system's equilibrium points, identifying the coexistence equilibrium as a center with closed orbits. The performance of SDM is benchmarked against the Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM), Variational Iteration Method (VIM), Laplace Decomposition Method (LDM), and the fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK4) scheme. Utilizing wolf and moose population data from Isle Royale National Park, numerical experiments demonstrate that SDM achieves high accuracy—comparable to LDM—while significantly reducing algebraic complexity and exhibiting faster convergence than HPM and VIM. The results confirm that SDM is a robust and computationally efficient alternative for modeling complex population dynamics.
Enhancing Medical Image Quality Using Hybrid Deep Neural Networks for Clinical Decision Support
This study aims to develop and design an intelligent model based on artificial intelligence and neural network techniques for diagnosing clinical conditions of various diseases, particularly eye diseases, in record time and with high accuracy by improving the quality of medical images. A descriptive analytical methodology was employed, measuring the model's performance using several statistical indicators, such as accuracy, recall rate, and prediction accuracy, to verify its effectiveness and power in analyzing medical images and diagnosing medical conditions. The study also analyzed the model's impact on improving the quality of medical images and its role in helping physicians expedite the diagnostic process and predict potential disease progression, especially in the field of ophthalmology. The results indicated the effectiveness of the proposed model, with an accuracy of 95.8%, a prediction accuracy of 96%, a recall rate of 95.4%, and an F1 score of 94.8%. These indicators reflect the model's efficiency in accurately identifying pathological patterns in medical images. The results also showed a significant improvement in image quality after applying neural network-based processing techniques, with image quality improvement ranging from 28% to 37% compared to the original images. This remarkable improvement can enhance the accuracy of medical diagnoses, reduce the time required for treatment decisions, and increase the clarity of fine details in medical images. This, in turn, supports physicians in diagnosing clinical conditions and taking appropriate treatment measures promptly, especially in cases of eye diseases that demand a high degree of accuracy and speed in diagnosis.
accurate predictive diagnosis of clinical conditions
Performance Analysis of Arduino-Based Data Acquisition Systems: A Comparative Study Between Wired and nRF24L01 Wireless Communication using LabVIEW
This study presents a performance evaluation of data acquisition systems (DAQ), focusing on data transmission via wired and wireless communication channels. It provides a comparative analysis of these two methods based on critical factors such as speed, security, and flexibility. For the experimental implementation, an Arduino Uno microcontroller was utilized to develop both wired and wireless data collection frameworks. Data was gathered from multiple sensors, including temperature, gas, and light intensity (LDR) sensors. The LabVIEW software environment was employed for data processing, real-time monitoring, recording, and simulation. The NRF24L01 transceiver module was integrated to facilitate wireless connectivity. Simulation and experimental results demonstrated that while the wired system offers higher data transfer speeds and enhanced security, the wireless system provides significant mobility, ease of installation, and sufficient accuracy for control applications. The findings indicate an average temperature difference of 0.7°C between the two transmission methods, with wireless data showing high precision despite potential signal degradation in wired cables over distance. Ultimately, the study confirms the effectiveness of Arduino and LabVIEW in building versatile DAQ systems suitable for utility and home automation sectors.
Diagnostic Value of Cardiac Troponin I in Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Clinical Study
This study aims to clarify the diagnostic value and clinical importance of troponin I in identifying heart diseases, particularly in emergency settings. The study comprised 116 adults, aged 35 to 80 years, who presented with symptoms indicative of heart disease. Participants with chronic kidney disease or recent trauma were excluded to prevent confounding results. Venous blood samples were analyzed for troponin I levels using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The findings revealed that 82.8% of participants had normal troponin levels, while 17.2% exhibited elevated levels. The highest frequency of elevated troponin was observed in the 40–59 age group. Furthermore, males accounted for 55% of the elevated cases compared to 45% for females. The results confirm that cardiac troponin I serves as a highly specific and sensitive biomarker for detecting myocardial injury. Its integration into clinical protocols enables timely diagnosis and improved patient management in cases of acute myocardial infarction.
Taguchi-Based Optimization of CNC Turning Parameters for Surface Roughness of Al-3Mg Alloy Using a 0.8 mm Nose Radius Tool
This research presents a systematic optimization of machining parameters to minimize surface roughness (Ra) in CNC turning of Al-3Mg alloy, utilizing a 0.8 mm nose radius carbide insert. Following the methodology of Taguchi, an L9 orthogonal array was implemented to evaluate the influence of feed rate, cutting speed, and depth of cut. Surface quality was assessed through Signal-to-Noise (S/N) ratio analysis and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to quantify factor contributions. Results demonstrate that feed rate is the primary determinant of surface finish, accounting for 83.59% of the total variance, while cutting speed and depth of cut contributed 6.37% and 3.91% respectively. The optimal parametric combination was identified as a 0.3 mm/rev feed rate, 700 rpm cutting speed, and 0.5 mm depth of cut, resulting in a predicted roughness of 14.511 μm. These findings align with established manufacturing principles regarding the quadratic relationship between feed rate and surface geometry.
Chemical Fertilizers: Between Supporting Agriculture and Threatening Sustainability and Public Health in Libya and Tunisia
This study aims to analyze the dual impact of chemical fertilizers import in Libya and Tunisia during the period 2015–2023, focusing on economic, environmental, and public health implications. The research methodology relies on fertilizer import data (value and quantity) sourced from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAOSTAT) and economic indicators from the World Bank. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were employed to evaluate the relationship between import prices and agricultural Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The results reveal sharp fluctuations in fertilizer prices, peaking in 2022, which underscores the susceptibility of both economies to global market shocks. Furthermore, the analysis indicates a strong positive correlation between fertilizer prices and agricultural GDP in Tunisia (r = 0.854), suggesting a degree of sectoral resilience. On the environmental and health fronts, local field studies confirmed soil contamination with heavy metals and nitrates in Libya (Ashkidah Project, Derna) and Tunisia (Siliana). Such contamination poses significant threats to soil fertility, food safety, and human and animal health. The paper recommends the adoption of sustainable agricultural policies, investment in precision agriculture and bio-fertilizers, and the implementation of stringent quality controls on imported fertilizers to mitigate environmental and health risks.
Phytochemical Characterization of Polyphenolic Extracts from Thymus capitatus and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Efficacy
Thymus capitatus is renowned for its rich phytochemical profile and diverse therapeutic properties. This study aimed to characterize the polyphenolic composition of methanolic and ethanolic extracts of T. capitatus and evaluate their biological efficacy against a spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms. The phytochemical screening was conducted using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to identify and quantify bioactive metabolites. The antimicrobial potential was assessed against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, using Ampicillin and Amphotericin B as standard reference drugs. HPLC analysis identified a robust profile of bioactive compounds, notably rosmarinic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, apigenin, kaempferol, ferulic acid, and rutin. Both extracts exhibited potent broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. The presence of these phenolic and flavonoid constituents was strongly correlated with the observed inhibitory effects on both bacterial growths, demonstrating competitive efficacy relative to commercial antibiotics. These findings highlight T. capitatus as a significant natural source of antimicrobial agents. The results validate its traditional use and justify further in vivo toxicological and pharmacological investigations to establish its potential as a precursor for novel natural therapeutic formulations.
Response of Two Libyan Wheat Cultivars (Triticum turgidum L. and Triticum aestivum L.) to Cadmium Stress: Growth Parameters, Germination, and Seedling Vigor
Cadmium (Cd) toxicity is a major abiotic stress that significantly impedes wheat productivity across the globe. This study was designed to evaluate the relative tolerance of two indigenous Libyan wheat cultivars, 57LW (durum wheat, Triticum turgidum L.) and 29LW (bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L.), obtained from the Agricultural Research Centre (ARC) in Tripoli. The experiment utilized a completely randomized design (CRD) to test the effects of four distinct concentrations of CdSO4: 0, 100, 250, and 500 µM. Six critical seedling traits were monitored over a 14-day period: germination percentage, shoot length, root length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, and the seedling vigor index (SIV). The findings revealed that cadmium stress significantly affected most growth parameters, though cultivars exhibited distinct levels of resistance. At the highest concentration (500 µM), the germination percentage for 29LW dropped by 27%, whereas 57LW showed a more resilient reduction of only 14%. Furthermore, shoot length in bread wheat (29LW) decreased by 46.8% at 500 µM, while durum wheat (57LW) maintained statistically stable shoot lengths across all treatments. Root system metrics, including length and biomass, declined in both cultivars as Cd levels increased, yet bread wheat consistently showed higher susceptibility. Specifically, at 500 µM, 29LW suffered reductions of 65.4% in root length and 72.1% in root dry weight, compared to 39.0% and 60.4% in 57LW, respectively. The seedling vigor index (SIV) emerged as the most comprehensive indicator of stress impact, decreasing by 65.7% in 29LW and 31.7% in 57LW at the maximum dosage. Statistical analysis using Duncan’s test confirmed significant differences between the cultivars, particularly regarding root traits and overall vigor. These results demonstrate that the cultivar 57LW possesses superior cadmium tolerance mechanisms, making it an excellent candidate for cultivation in Cd-contaminated soils and for future breeding programs aimed at enhancing environmental stress resilience in Libya.
The Impact of Diagnostic Accuracy and Waiting Time on Diabetes Patients’ Satisfaction: An Applied Study at Benghazi Specialized Diabetes Treatment Center – Libya
Patient satisfaction serves as a fundamental benchmark for measuring the quality of healthcare delivery, particularly for individuals managing chronic conditions like diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to investigate the specific impact of two critical factors—medical diagnostic accuracy and waiting time—on the overall satisfaction levels of patients at the Benghazi Specialized Diabetes Treatment Center in Libya. Additionally, the research explored the relationship between patient satisfaction and the likelihood of recommending the center to others. To achieve these objectives, a descriptive-analytical research design was employed, and data were collected through a structured questionnaire. The survey was distributed to a sample of 115 patients, resulting in 100 valid responses after the exclusion of incomplete or invalid entries. All multi-item measures were assessed using a five-point Likert scale. Statistical analysis, performed using R software, included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression. The results revealed a strong positive correlation between perceived diagnostic accuracy and patient satisfaction (r = 0.87, p < 0.001). Conversely, a strong negative correlation was found between waiting time and satisfaction levels (r = -0.74, p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis indicated that diagnostic accuracy (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>β</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> = 0.71, p < 0.001) and waiting time (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>β</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> = -0.62, p < 0.001) collectively explained 79% of the variance in patient satisfaction (R2 = 0.79). Furthermore, higher satisfaction was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of recommending the facility. These findings highlight the critical importance of balancing clinical precision with operational efficiency. The study concludes that healthcare providers must prioritize continuous medical training to enhance diagnostic accuracy while simultaneously optimizing administrative workflows to reduce patient wait times
Investigation and Evaluation of Blood Pressure after Spinal Anesthesia
Spinal anesthesia is a gold-standard technique for lower abdominal and obstetric procedures, yet it is frequently complicated by hemodynamic instability, specifically hypotension and bradycardia. This prospective observational study, conducted between September and November 2025, aimed to evaluate the perioperative hemodynamic and respiratory effects of spinal anesthesia while identifying patient-related risk factors, such as body mass index (BMI), associated with these clinical changes. The research involved a cohort of 83 patients across four major healthcare centers in Libya, including Benghazi and Sabha. Data collection synthesized participant demographics, comorbidities, and the serial measurement of vital signs at preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative intervals. The results revealed a study population that was predominantly female (96.6%), with nearly 97% of cases originating from obstetrics and gynecology departments. Obesity was found to be highly prevalent, affecting 65.85% of the sample, with an additional 28.05% classified as overweight. Clinical findings indicated a significant and gradual perioperative decline in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (p < 0.05 for all), while oxygen saturation levels remained remarkably stable throughout all stages. Although hypotension occurred in 36.1% of all cases, it was notably more frequent among obese patients at a rate of 74%. However, logistic regression analysis showed that the association between BMI and hypotension was not statistically significant (p = 0.075). The most frequently observed side effects included tremor (61.4%), headache (47.0%), and nausea (22.9%). The study concludes that while spinal anesthesia produces predictable hemodynamic alterations, the higher incidence of hypotension in obese patients necessitates rigorous continuous monitoring and individualized management to enhance patient safety within high-BMI obstetric populations.
The Protective Role of Wheat Bran in Reducing Liver Toxicity and Enhancing CD34+ Stem Cells in Rats Treated with Chemotherapy
The current investigation evaluated the therapeutic potential of Wheat Bran (WB) against hepatic injury induced by Cyclophosphamide (CTX) in a rat model. CTX, an established chemotherapeutic agent, precipitates hepatotoxicity by elevating pro-oxidants specifically Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) and Xanthine Oxidase (XO) while concurrently exhausting Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) reserves. Moreover, CTX impairs the systemic mobilization of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. In this experimental design, rats were supplemented with WB as a natural intervention. Biochemical assessments revealed that WB administration successfully re-established redox equilibrium and remarkably up-regulated the immunohistochemical expression of CD34 markers within hepatic tissues, aligning them closely with control parameters. Histopathological analysis confirmed that WB intervention attenuated CTX-induced vacuolar degeneration and vascular congestion. These results indicate that WB facilitates a potent hepatoprotective effect, functioning not only through the direct scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also by enhancing the regenerative homing of CD34+ stem cells to the site of hepatic insult. Consequently, this study substantiates the use of WB as a functional nutritional adjuvant to mitigate the collateral damage associated with alkylating chemotherapy, offering a novel perspective on dietary-mediated tissue regeneration and oxidative stress management.
An Analysis of Economic Indicators Influencing the Fisheries Sector in Libya for the Period (2000–2019)
This study addresses the reality of the fisheries sector in Libya, which remains unable to meet the target increase in domestic production to satisfy food demand. The research highlights that the phenomenon of rising fish prices is a complex economic issue shaped by multiple factors rather than a single indicator. Key drivers identified include demographic growth rates, a decline in the proportion of fish-farmed lands, and unequal distribution. Furthermore, the study points to the lack of effectiveness in regulatory bodies to curb smuggling and the exploitation of coastlines, which directly impacts price hikes. Econometric analysis using EViews on a time series (2000–2019) revealed a positive correlation between fish production and consumption availability. The R-squared value of 0.51 indicates that 51% of the changes in local fish production are explained by variations in the independent variable (available consumption), while other factors account for the remaining percentage. The Durbin-Watson test result of 1.15 suggests a positive autocorrelation. The study also examines the Libyan coastline, which extends approximately 1,900 to 2,000 kilometers, and its continental shelf area of about 55,000 square kilometers. Despite this strategic location, production is hindered by illegal migration, lack of modern fishing equipment, and high labor costs. The research concludes that achieving food security requires implementing a specialized fishery development strategy, encouraging investment, and enhancing self-capacity to reach self-sufficiency.
Prevalence of normal delivery to cesarean section in Tarhuna city, Libya, the ratio, causes, and solution
The method for giving birth to babies in the Tarhuna area of Libya is now through Caesarean section (C/S), which is on the rise. There have been several factors not related to a mother's medical issue that have contributed to the high C/S rate including: the mother's desire for a C/S; the war in Libya leading to a lack of stability in the country; the financial incentive for providers to do C/S's; the lifestyles of the many women; and the quality of the healthcare profession in Libya. The aim of this study is to assess the rate of C/S's performed at both public and private hospitals as well as to investigate what factors have influenced the increase in C/S's at both public and private hospitals. The study included data collected from 1607 births delivered at a public and private hospital in Tarhuna over a period of seven months (January, February, March, April, May, June, and July 2020) to evaluate the number of C/S's performed as compared to the number of normal vaginal deliveries. The findings of the study were as follows: The rate of C/S's at the public hospital located in Tarhuna was 55.27% of all births performed; whereas at the private hospital located in Tarhuna, 59.79% of all births performed were C/S's. Based on the findings of this research, it has been concluded that C/S's in Tarhuna exceed WHO recommendations and exceed C/S rates for some neighboring Arab countries.
The Efficacy of Botanical Extracts as Eco-Friendly Natural Alternatives to Chemical Pesticides
In light of current environmental challenges and the accelerating global shift toward sustainable agricultural systems, there is an urgent need for safe alternatives to mitigate the excessive reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides and their cumulative toxic effects. This research aims to investigate the efficacy of natural botanical extracts specifically Neem (Azadirachta indica), Garlic (Allium sativum), and Basil (Ocimum basilicum) in controlling horticultural pests that threaten economic crops. The study adopted a rigorous scientific methodology, beginning with the extraction of bioactive compounds using organic solvents and aqueous techniques. These extracts were subjected to in-vitro laboratory assays to determine the Median Lethal Concentration (LC50), followed by greenhouse application trials to evaluate pest behavior and the response of treated plants under realistic environmental conditions. Analytical indicators revealed that these extracts possess a superior capacity to inhibit growth and deter feeding through multiple physiological mechanisms. A major competitive advantage identified is their rapid biodegradability, leaving no harmful residues in the final product or the soil. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that botanical extracts exhibit selective toxicity, allowing for the preservation of biodiversity and natural enemies, making them a cornerstone in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies. The study concludes by recommending the local development of extraction technologies to support farmers in producing organic horticultural crops. This ensures food security, protects the ecosystem from chemical degradation, and opens new horizons for investment in eco-friendly biopesticides.
Antagonistic Potential of Local Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma longibrachiatum Isolates Against Black Scurf Disease Caused by Rhizoctonia solani on Potato
The present study was conducted in the laboratories of the Plant Protection Department at the Agricultural Research Center in Tripoli to evaluate the antagonistic efficiency of two local isolates of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma against Rhizoctonia solani, which causes black scurf disease on potato. The pathogenic fungus was isolated from infected potato tubers collected from the Bani Walid region. The dual culture technique was employed to assess the inhibitory potential of T. viride (T1) and T. longibrachiatum (T2). Statistical analysis using the SAS program and Duncan's multiple range test revealed significant differences between the treatments. The results demonstrated that the isolate T. longibrachiatum (T2) exhibited the highest inhibitory effect, reaching an inhibition rate of 97% against the pathogen R. solani. Meanwhile, the isolate T. viride (T1) achieved an inhibition rate of 88%. Microscopic examination of the interaction zones confirmed the occurrence of direct mycoparasitism. Both Trichoderma species showed a high ability to suppress the growth of the pathogen's mycelium by coiling around the hyphae of R. solani, leading to mycelial deformation and subsequent death. This study concludes that the local isolates of T. longibrachiatum and T. viride are highly effective biological control agents against black scurf disease under laboratory conditions. This effectiveness is attributed to the direct parasitic mechanism and the secretion of inhibitory compounds. The findings suggest that these isolates could serve as a sustainable alternative to chemical fungicides, reducing environmental hazards and preventing the development of resistant pathogen strains. The study recommends further genetic characterization of these isolates and evaluating their efficacy under field conditions.
Effect of Freezing on Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) Content in Selected Fruit Juices Determined by Iodimetric Titration
This scientific study investigates the impact of the freezing process on the concentration of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) in selected fruit juices using the iodometric titration method. The research included six varieties of fruits: guava, kiwi, orange, mango, pear, and strawberry, which were collected fresh from Misurata city markets in a suitable state of ripeness. The experimental methodology involved extracting the juice and performing an immediate chemical analysis before freezing, followed by a second analysis after three days of storage in a frozen state. The results revealed a significant variation in the initial levels of Vitamin C among the fruits. Guava recorded the highest initial concentration at 969.98 mg/L, whereas pear exhibited the lowest concentration at 27.73 mg/L. Upon analyzing the samples after the freezing period, a reduction in ascorbic acid levels was observed across all fruit juices. The degree of degradation varied significantly depending on the fruit type; orange and strawberry demonstrated the highest stability with the least percentage of loss (2.9\% and 5.9\%, respectively). In contrast, pear and mango recorded the highest loss rates, with pear losing approximately 47.6\% of its Vitamin C content. This reduction is scientifically attributed to several factors, including partial enzymatic oxidation by enzymes such as ascorbate oxidase, and structural changes in tissues caused by ice crystal formation that ruptures cell walls. Statistical analysis using ANOVA and t-tests confirmed that while freezing effectively preserves a substantial portion of the vitamin, it does not completely halt its degradation. The study concludes that the stability of Vitamin C during frozen storage is highly dependent on the specific chemical characteristics and tissue structure of each fruit.
Improving waste-to-energy conversion under high moisture content conditions: A technical and economic feasibility study for sorting feedstock in Benghazi, Libya
Libya is facing a pressing dual challenge: its energy deficit, which is largely attributed to its aging infrastructure, and its waste management crisis, which is characterized by its high municipal solid waste (MSW) content (>55% organic moisture content). This barrier has historically hindered the implementation of efficient technologies in the region. In this study, the techno-economic viability of a proposed feedstock segregation technique for use in a proposed 5 MW WtE CHP facility in Benghazi, Libya, will be examined. The study utilized a mixed-methods approach, which entailed the following steps: (1) the generation of MSW modeling, which is extrapolated from the official Libyan census data in 2023 to the projected values in 2025, (2) the implementation of the proposed feedstock segregation model to segregate the high-calorific value materials, and (3) the application of financial modeling, which is conducted according to international standards. Annual MSW generation in Benghazi has been estimated to be around 322,139 t/year (2025 projected, based on Libyan census data for 2023). The segregation of dry matter (around 34% of total MSW) will generate 1.47 times more feedstock material, which is approximately 74,500 t/year, required for the proposed facility, and will comprise around 109,527 t/year of high calorific value material. The study corroborated the fact that the proposed approach of segregating the high-calorific value materials is a critical optimization strategy, especially in high-moisture content environments such as Libya. Therefore, the proposed approach is deemed to be viable, and the proposed plant is expected to have substantial economic and environmental benefits, especially in the Middle East and North Africa region.
Moringa oleifera Seed Extract Alleviates Silver Nanoparticle Hepatorenal Toxicity by Attenuating Oxidative Stress in Mice
Background: The widespread application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in consumer products raises concerns about their potential organ toxicity, primarily mediated through oxidative stress. Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant renowned for its potent antioxidant properties. This study investigated the protective role of Moringa oleifera seed extract (MSE) against AgNP-induced hepatorenal damage in mice. Methods: Twenty-eight male albino mice were randomly divided into four groups (n=7): Control group received saline; MSE group received MSE (500 mg/kg/day, orally); AgNPs group received AgNPs (50 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally); and AgNPs + MSE group received both MSE and AgNPs concurrently for 14 days. Biochemical markers of liver function (ALT, AST, ALP) and kidney function (creatinine, urea), as well as oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH, SOD) in liver and kidney tissues, were assessed. Histopathological examinations of both organs were also performed. Results: AgNP administration induced significant hepatorenal toxicity, evidenced by elevated serum ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine, and urea levels, a marked increase in tissue MDA, and a decrease in GSH and SOD activities. Histopathological analysis revealed severe hepatic necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and renal tubular degeneration. Co-treatment with MSE significantly ameliorated these changes, normalizing the biochemical parameters, restoring antioxidant enzyme activities, and markedly improving the tissue architecture. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that Moringa oleifera seed extract effectively mitigates AgNP-induced hepatorenal toxicity, primarily through its potent antioxidant activity. MSE represents a promising natural agent for protection against nanomaterial-induced organ damage.
A Novel Analytical Formulation for Deriving Net Force Directly from Instantaneous Displacement Equations
Observations in classical mechanics education reveal that students frequently face challenges when deducing the net force Fnet from the instantaneous displacement equation (r (t)). The conventional approach, rooted in Newton's Second Law (F net= ma ), necessitates a series of sequential differentiations which can be prone to error. To streamline these derivations and provide a more direct analytical tool for dynamic analysis, this paper introduces a derived formula that allows for the straightforward determination of net force directly from displacement. This work facilitates a more efficient connection between kinematic descriptions and their underlying dynamic causes, offering both pedagogical benefits and analytical precision.
Effect of Preoperative Intravenous Fluid Therapy on Maternal Blood Pressure Stability During Spinal Anesthesia for Caesarean Section
Cesarean section (CS) is the most frequently performed major surgical procedure worldwide, with rates steadily increasing and stabilizing between 18% and 22% as observed in this study at Zliten Medical Center from 2020 to 2025. Spinal anesthesia remains the preferred technique for these deliveries due to its safety and high success rate, yet it is frequently complicated by maternal hypotension. This cross-sectional study investigated the effect of preoperative intravenous fluid therapy on maternal blood pressure stability among 102 pregnant women undergoing CS under spinal anesthesia in Libya. The participants, primarily aged 30 to 40 years, were monitored for hemodynamic changes and clinical symptoms. Results indicated that while Normal Saline (NS) was the most common fluid used (67.8%), it only provided mid-term stabilization and could not completely prevent an early decline in systolic blood pressure, which dropped to 104 mmHg at 30 minutes post-induction. In contrast, Ringer’s Lactate and Gelofusine showed relatively better recovery speeds. Nausea and vomiting were the most prevalent clinical signs of hypotension, affecting 33.3% of patients, followed by sleepiness and headache. Statistical regression analysis confirmed a significant relationship between both the type and quantity of preoperative fluids and blood pressure stability (p < 0.001). The study concludes that although preoperative fluid loading is fundamental in reducing the severity of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension, it is insufficient as a standalone preventive measure. Consequently, the research recommends adopting standardized fluid protocols individualized to patient characteristics and combining them with vasopressors to optimize maternal and neonatal safety.
The Impact of Adopting Agile Methodology on the Performance of Large-Scale Construction Projects
This research investigates the effectiveness of adopting Agile methodology in enhancing the performance of large-scale construction projects, traditionally characterized by rigidity and reliance on the Waterfall model. While the construction industry represents 13% of the global GDP, it suffers from chronic structural challenges related to low productivity and operational inefficiency. These issues are compounded in megaprojects exceeding 1 billion, which operate in high-risk environments with unprecedented engineering and social complexity. Through a mixed-methods research design, including a systematic literature review and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analyzing data from 250 international experts, the study explores how Agile practices can mitigate these challenges. The findings reveal a statistically significant positive correlation between Agile adoption and key performance indicators (KPIs). Specifically, collaborative planning in a Sprint environment improved schedule accuracy by 22%, while the integration of Digital Kanban and Building Information Modeling (BIM) reduced Request for Information (RFI) cycles by 25% and prevented up to 40% of field errors. The paper identifies the "Flexibility-Rigidity Paradox," arguing that construction requires a "Hybrid Agile-Waterfall Framework". This model maintains the Waterfall approach for strategic governance and contracts to ensure financial security, while utilizing Scrum and Kanban for operational daily tasks to enhance execution flexibility. Finally, the study addresses contractual barriers, suggesting an "Agile Addendum" to traditional FIDIC contracts to provide legal coverage for iterative design and incremental approvals.