The Efficacy of Botanical Extracts as Eco-Friendly Natural Alternatives to Chemical Pesticides

Abstract

In light of current environmental challenges and the accelerating global shift toward sustainable agricultural systems, there is an urgent need for safe alternatives to mitigate the excessive reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides and their cumulative toxic effects. This research aims to investigate the efficacy of natural botanical extracts specifically Neem (Azadirachta indica), Garlic (Allium sativum), and Basil (Ocimum basilicum) in controlling horticultural pests that threaten economic crops. The study adopted a rigorous scientific methodology, beginning with the extraction of bioactive compounds using organic solvents and aqueous techniques. These extracts were subjected to in-vitro laboratory assays to determine the Median Lethal Concentration (LC₅₀), followed by greenhouse application trials to evaluate pest behavior and the response of treated plants under realistic environmental conditions. Analytical indicators revealed that these extracts possess a superior capacity to inhibit growth and deter feeding through multiple physiological mechanisms. A major competitive advantage identified is their rapid biodegradability, leaving no harmful residues in the final product or the soil. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that botanical extracts exhibit selective toxicity, allowing for the preservation of biodiversity and natural enemies, making them a cornerstone in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies. The study concludes by recommending the local development of extraction technologies to support farmers in producing organic horticultural crops. This ensures food security, protects the ecosystem from chemical degradation, and opens new horizons for investment in eco-friendly biopesticides.