Eco-friendly management of pepper powdery mildew in Libya by farm animals whey milk, the inducer resistance chemical salicylic acid and Trichoderma harzianum
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65420/sjphrt.v2i1.148Keywords:
Farm animals, disease management, pepper, photosynthesis pigments, phenolic compounds, powdery mildew, salicylic acid, whey milkAbstract
Isolation procedures from phylloplane of pepper leaves showing low infection by Leveillula taurica,the causal of powdery mildew yielded many fungal isolates. The isolates of Trichoderma strains were selected, purified and identified as: T. album, T.hamatum, T.koningii,T.harzianum and T.viride. Significant inhibition to the germinated conidia of L. taurica, the causal fungus of pepper powdery mildew, in vitro was occurred by farm animals' whey milk i.e., camel, cow, goat and sheep compared with the control. Camelʹs whey milk was the most efficient one in reducing the germinated conidia of the causal fungus followed by sheep then goat. The tested non-volatile substances of Trichoderma strains i.e., T. album, T.hamatum, T.koningii, T.harzianum and T.viride, also, resulted in significant reduction to the germinated conidia of the causal pathogen in comparison with the control. This reduction was gradually increased significantly by increasing the tested concentration of both whey milk and non-volatile substances of Trichoderma strains. Moreover, spraying pepper plants with camel’s whey milk, the IRC salicylic acid and the non-volatile substances of the bioagent T.harzianum, each alone or in different combinations, caused significant reduction to the severity of the disease with significant increase to the number and weight of the produced pod yield plant-1 in comparison with the infected control by the causal fungus. Furthermore, spraying any of these compounds alone was of less effect in this regard compared with spraying their combinations. However, the fungicide Byleton was the superior one in this concern, followed by the combination of the three items of disease management. The estimated photosynthesis pigments i.e., chlorophyll–a, chlorophyll–b and carotenoids, in addition to phenolic compounds, where they increased significantly in pepper leaves due to spraying camel´s whey milk, the IRC salicylic acid and non-volatile substances of the T. harzianum compared with the leaves of un-treated and infected plants.
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