Moringa oleifera Seed Extract Alleviates Silver Nanoparticle Hepatorenal Toxicity by Attenuating Oxidative Stress in Mice

Abstract

Background: The widespread application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in consumer products raises concerns about their potential organ toxicity, primarily mediated through oxidative stress. Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant renowned for its potent antioxidant properties. This study investigated the protective role of Moringa oleifera seed extract (MSE) against AgNP-induced hepatorenal damage in mice. Methods: Twenty-eight male albino mice were randomly divided into four groups (n=7): Control group received saline; MSE group received MSE (500 mg/kg/day, orally); AgNPs group received AgNPs (50 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally); and AgNPs + MSE group received both MSE and AgNPs concurrently for 14 days. Biochemical markers of liver function (ALT, AST, ALP) and kidney function (creatinine, urea), as well as oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH, SOD) in liver and kidney tissues, were assessed. Histopathological examinations of both organs were also performed. Results: AgNP administration induced significant hepatorenal toxicity, evidenced by elevated serum ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine, and urea levels, a marked increase in tissue MDA, and a decrease in GSH and SOD activities. Histopathological analysis revealed severe hepatic necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and renal tubular degeneration. Co-treatment with MSE significantly ameliorated these changes, normalizing the biochemical parameters, restoring antioxidant enzyme activities, and markedly improving the tissue architecture. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that Moringa oleifera seed extract effectively mitigates AgNP-induced hepatorenal toxicity, primarily through its potent antioxidant activity. MSE represents a promising natural agent for protection against nanomaterial-induced organ damage.