Age-Related Changes in Selected Blood Biochemical Parameters and Antioxidant Enzymes in Female Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedarius)

Abstract

This study evaluates age- and season-related changes in hematological, biochemical, and antioxidant parameters in female dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) under arid conditions in eastern Libya. A total of clinically healthy, non-pregnant, and non-lactating camels were categorized into three age groups: young adults (3–6 years), middle-aged (7–12 years), and older adults (≥13 years). Results indicate that advancing age is the primary determinant of physiological alterations, particularly in serum protein metabolism and antioxidant defense systems, while seasonal variations exert a secondary effect mainly on hematological variables and glucose concentration. Older camels exhibited a significant shift in serum protein patterns, characterized by decreased albumin (35.8 ± 1.4 g/L), increased globulin (46.3 ± 1.9 g/L), and a reduced albumin/globulin ratio (0.77 ± 0.04), indicating age-associated metabolic and immunological remodeling. Notably, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) declined progressively with age (P < 0.05), reflecting reduced oxidative neutralization capacity and supporting the concept of oxidative aging in camels despite their desert adaptations. In contrast, core hematological parameters and glucose homeostasis remained largely preserved across age groups, highlighting remarkable physiological resilience. Seasonal effects were most evident in RBC counts, PCV, and hemoglobin, peaking during winter, consistent with environmental influences on hydration and nutrient availability. These findings underscore the importance of age-aware physiological assessment in camel health management, suggesting that monitoring protein fractions and antioxidant enzymes can provide early indicators of physiological aging.